ReviewInnovations in pharmacy2021
The Positive Association between Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clostridium Difficile Infection.
Review in Innovations in pharmacy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Outcomes ofJGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Push Enteroscopic Jejunal and Ileoscopic Delivery of Fecomicrobiota Transplantation (FMT) for Treatment ofJGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Changes in the Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2025Review
- The effect of commonly used non-antibiotic medications on antimicrobial resistance development in Escherichia coli.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Article
- Article
- Efficacy of the Bridge Dry Swallowing Exercise for Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- [Health outcomes of deprescribing proton pump inhibitors: study protocol].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2025Article
- Pharmacist-led interventions for vascular surgery patients: a prospective study on reducing drug-related problems.BMC health services research · 2024Observational
- Potential Risks Associated With Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Maintenance Treatment Modality for Patients With Mild Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility · 2024Review
- Antibiotic Resistance in the Elderly: Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Solutions.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Association Between Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection and Duration of Proton Pump Inhibitor or H2-Receptor Antagonist Use in Hospitalized Patients.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- Epidemiology ofSaudi medical journal · 2024Article
- Orally Administered Drugs and Their Complicated Relationship with Our Gastrointestinal Tract.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Gut Microbiota-Gut Metabolites andMetabolites · 2024Review
- Outcomes of acute pyelonephritis in patients with a penicillin allergy label in the United States.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2024Article
- Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile: A silent nosocomial pathogen.Saudi medical journal · 2023Review
- Review
- Adverse Effects Associated with Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors.Chonnam medical journal · 2023Review
- The burden of CDI in the United States: a multifactorial challenge.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Incidence and Risk Factors forMicroorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most commonly used medications by patients due to its availability over the counter and frequent prescribing by physicians to treat and alleviate symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Recently, the FDA issued a warning with respect to the utilization of PPIs and risk of developing Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). The most commonly known medications to cause CDI are antibiotics. However, available studies suggest an association and increase in risk for CDI with PPI use as well.
objectiveThe purpose of this research is to review and summarize data currently available on the association between PPIs and CDI.
methodsTo search for eligible studies, EBSCO engines were investigated using proton pump inhibitors or PPIs and Clostridium difficile or C. diff. as search terms. Meta analyses and systematic reviews published between 2000 and 2020 on adult patients were considered.
resultsEight meta-analyses and systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. They included studies conducted in the US, Europe, Asia and Canada on inpatient and outpatient adults. The final result for all 8 studies showed a statistically significant association between PPIs and CDI ranging from mild to high risk.
conclusionCurrently available data suggest a positive association between PPIs and CDI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.