Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34003978›Full record

ArticleTranslational vision science & technology2021

Effect of Scleral Crosslinking Using Multiple Doses of Genipin on Experimental Progressive Myopia in Tree Shrews.

Mustapha El Hamdaoui, Alexander M Levy, Mokshad Gaonkar, Timothy J Gawne, Christopher A Girkin, Brian C Samuels, Rafael Grytz

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Translational vision science & technology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
4.2field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Biomechanical Modification of the Sclera: An Ex Vivo Study on Porcine Eyes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. IMI 2023 Digest.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Biomedical optics express · 2022
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Mustapha El HamdaouiDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Alexander M LevyDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Mokshad GaonkarDepartment of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Timothy J GawneDepartment of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Christopher A GirkinDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Brian C SamuelsDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Rafael GrytzDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
University of Alabama at Birmingham · US

Funding

Visual Phenotyping CoreP30EY003039 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI Paul Douglas Gamlin · 1985 to 2026
$16.9M
Scleral Remodeling in MyopiaR01EY026588 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI Rafael Grytz · 2016 to 2026
$4.1M
The influence of ocular remodeling on glaucomaR01EY027759 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI GRYTZ, RAFAEL, SAMUELS, BRIAN CHRISTOPHER · 2017 to 2021
$2.3M
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY003039NEI NIH HHS R01 EY026588NEI NIH HHS R01 EY027759
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of scleral crosslinking (SXL) on slowing experimental progressive myopia in tree shrew eyes using sub-Tenon's injections of genipin (GEN) at different concentrations and number of injections. Methods: Three or five sub-Tenon's injections of GEN at 0 mM (sham), 10 mM, or 20 mM were performed in one eye every other day starting at 18 days of visual experience. Form deprivation (FD) myopia was induced in the injected eye between 24 and 35 days of visual experience; the fellow eye served as control. Tree shrews were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: FD (n = 8); FD + 5 × sham injections (n = 6); FD + 3 × GEN injections at 10 mM (n = 6) and 20 mM (n = 6); and FD + 5 × GEN injections at 20 mM (n = 6). Refractive state and ocular dimensions were measured daily. Results: Compared with the FD group, the sham-injected group showed a transient effect on slowing vitreous chamber elongation. With increasing GEN dose, SXL had an increasing treatment effect on slowing vitreous chamber elongation and myopia progression. In addition, SXL led to a dose-dependent shortening of the aqueous chamber depth and corneal thickening. Lens thickening was observed in the group with the highest concentration. Conclusions: We have shown that SXL using GEN can slow axial elongation and myopia progression in tree shrews. The extent of this treatment effect was dose dependent. Several unexpected effects were observed (corneal thickening, decrease of the anterior chamber depth, and lens thickening), which require further optimization of the GEN delivery approach before clinical consideration. Translational Relevance: The results of this preclinical study suggest that scleral crosslinking using genipin can slow myopia progression.

Indexed as

Myopia, DegenerativeTupaiidaeAnimalsIridoidsRefraction, OcularScleragenipinIridoids

Identifiers

PMID34003978
PMCPMC8088221
OpenAlexW3157566214

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.