ArticleJCI insight2021
Sodium in the dermis colocates to glycosaminoglycan scaffold, with diminishment in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chronobiology of meal timing in early-stage hypertension: a controlled feeding pilot study investigating the effects on renal and vascular function.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Trial
- Quantifying Skin Sodium Concentration With Novel Very Rapid Biexponential TMagnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Estimation of skin sodium content viaMagma (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota as a Mediator of Dietary Salt Effects on Blood Pressure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- QuantitativeMagma (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Intercorrelated variability in blood and hemodynamic biomarkers reveals physiological network in hemodialysis patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDietary sodium intake mismatches urinary sodium excretion over prolonged periods. Our aims were to localize and quantify electrostatically bound sodium within human skin using triple-quantum-filtered (TQF) protocols for MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and to explore dermal sodium in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
methodsWe recruited adult participants with T2D (n = 9) and euglycemic participants with no history of diabetes mellitus (n = 8). All had undergone lower limb amputations or abdominal skin reduction surgery for clinical purposes. We used 20 μm in-plane resolution 1H MRI to visualize anatomical skin regions ex vivo from skin biopsies taken intraoperatively, 23Na TQF MRI/MRS to explore distribution and quantification of freely dissolved and bound sodium, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify sodium in selected skin samples.
resultsHuman dermis has a preponderance (>90%) of bound sodium that colocalizes with the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffold. Bound and free sodium have similar anatomical locations. T2D associates with a severely reduced dermal bound sodium capacity.
conclusionWe provide the first evidence to our knowledge for high levels of bound sodium within human dermis, colocating to the GAG scaffold, consistent with a dermal "third space repository" for sodium. T2D associates with diminished dermal electrostatic binding capacity for sodium.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.