Observational studyJournal of medical Internet research2021
Olfactory Training and Visual Stimulation Assisted by a Web Application for Patients With Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Observational Study.
Observational study in Journal of medical Internet research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 25 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effectiveness of olfactory training for chronic olfactory disorder following COVID-19: a systematic review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation in ambulatory care for patients with persisting symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Efficacy of olfactory-visual combined training on post-viral olfactory dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Trial
- Limited observed efficacy of olfactory training in severe long-term post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective cohort study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Exploring the interplay between olfaction and vision: neuroplasticity, rehabilitation, and the therapeutic potential of herbal ingredients.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Review
- Study of Chemosensory Enhancement through Neuromodulation Training (SCENT): Design and methodology of a randomized clinical trial for COVID-related persistent smell dysfunction.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Can immersive olfactory training serve as an alternative treatment for patients with smell dysfunction?Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2024Article
- Comparative Analysis of Olfactory and Gustatory Function of Patients With COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction and Non-COVID-19 Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Review
- Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Association on Post-Covid Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- The Development of a Simple Projection-Based, Portable Olfactory Display Device.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Long-term Consequences of COVID-19: Chemosensory Disorders.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2023Review
- Odor familiarity and improvement of olfactory identification test in Chinese population.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Potential mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-associated central and peripheral nervous system impairment.Acta neurologica Scandinavica · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) and Rhinologic Manifestation: Narrative Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Review
- Rehabilitation in long COVID-19: A mini-review.World journal of methodology · 2022Review
- Assessing a New Prescreening Score for the Simplified Evaluation of the Clinical Quality and Relevance of eHealth Apps: Instrument Validation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Article
- Long-lasting olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPersistent olfactory dysfunction is a significant complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Olfactory training involving aromatic oils has been recommended to improve olfactory recovery, but quantitative data are missing.
objectiveWe aimed to quantify the benefit of olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application for patients who experienced olfactory dysfunction for ≥1 month.
methodsWe performed an observational, real-life, data-based study on a cohort of patients who experienced at least 1 month of persistent olfactory dysfunction between January 30 and March 26, 2021. An analysis was performed after a mean olfactory training time of 4 weeks, and at least 500 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. Participants exposed themselves twice daily to odors from 4 high-concentration oils and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application. Improvement was defined as a 2-point increase on a 10-point, self-assessed olfactory visual analogue scale.
resultsIn total, 548 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. The mean baseline, self-assessed olfactory score was 1.9 (SD 1.7), and this increased to 4.6 (SD 2.8) after a mean olfactory training time of 27.7 days (SD 17.2). Olfactory training was associated with at least a 2-point increase in 64.2% (352/548) of patients. The rate of patients' olfactory improvement was higher for patients who trained for more than 28 days than that rate for patients who trained for less than 28 days (73.3% vs 59%; P=.002). The time to olfactory improvement was 8 days faster for patients with hyposmia compared to the time to improvement for patients with anosmia (P<.001). This benefit was observed regardless of the duration of the olfactory dysfunction.
conclusionsOlfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application was associated with significant improvement in olfaction, especially after 28 days of olfactory training.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.