Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34002880›Full record

ArticleMagnetic resonance in medicine2021

Spinal cord fMRI with MB-SWIFT for assessing epidural spinal cord stimulation in rats.

Hanne Laakso, Lauri J Lehto, Jaakko Paasonen, Raimo Salo, Antonietta Canna, Igor Lavrov, Shalom Michaeli, Olli Gröhn, Silvia Mangia

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Magnetic resonance in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 29% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. A Sub-Microsecond Switch Enabling SWIFTMagnetic resonance in medicine · 2026
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  7. Correlation of zero echo time functional MRI with neuronal activity in rats.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2025
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  8. Simultaneous zero echo time fMRI of rat brain and spinal cord.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.

Hanne LaaksoA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-1142-9008
Lauri J LehtoA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Jaakko PaasonenA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Raimo SaloA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Antonietta CannaCenter for Magnetic Resonance in Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Igor LavrovKazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
Shalom MichaeliCenter for Magnetic Resonance in Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Olli GröhnA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Silvia MangiaCenter for Magnetic Resonance in Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
University of Minnesota · USUniversity of Eastern Finland · FIMayo Clinic · US

Funding

TRD4 - Ultrahigh Field Engineering and SafetyP41EB027061 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Gregory John Metzger, KAMIL UGURBIL · 2019 to 2026
$11.7M
NMR Imaging and SpectroscopyP41EB015894 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI UGURBIL, KAMIL · 2012 to 2017
$8.4M
High density multielectrode arrays with spatially selective unidirectional and rotating fields for investigation of neuronal networksU01NS103569 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI MICHAELI, SHALOM · 2017 to 2019
$3.7M
Ultra High Field (16.4 Tesla) Animal MRI/MRS SystemS10RR025031 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI GARWOOD, MICHAEL · 2008 to 2008
$2.0M
Academy of Finland 331955NCRR NIH HHS S10 RR025031NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB015894NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB027061NIH HHS P41 EB015894NIH HHS S10 RR025031NIH HHS U01 NS103569NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS103569The Emil Aaltonen Foundation
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeElectrical epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is used as a treatment for chronic pain as well as to partially restore motor function after a spinal cord injury. Monitoring the spinal cord activity during SCS with fMRI could provide important and objective measures of integrative responses to treatment. Unfortunately, spinal cord fMRI is severely challenged by motion and susceptibility artifacts induced by the implanted electrode and bones. This pilot study introduces multi-band sweep imaging with Fourier transformation (MB-SWIFT) technique for spinal cord fMRI during SCS in rats. Given the close to zero acquisition delay and high bandwidth in 3 dimensions, MB-SWIFT is demonstrated to be highly tolerant to motion and susceptibility-induced artifacts and thus holds promise for fMRI during SCS.

methodsMB-SWIFT with 0.78 × 0.78 × 1.50 mm

resultsMB-SWIFT was tolerant to electrode-induced artifacts and respiratory motion, leading to substantially higher fMRI sensitivity than spin echo fMRI. Clear stimulation frequency-dependent responses to SCS were detected in the rat spinal cord close to the stimulation site. The origin of MB-SWIFT fMRI signals was consistent with dominant inflow effects.

conclusionfMRI of the rat spinal cord during SCS can be consistently achieved with MB-SWIFT, thus providing a valuable experimental framework for assessing the effects of SCS on the central nervous system.

Indexed as

Spinal Cord StimulationAnimalsArtifactsMagnetic Resonance ImagingPilot ProjectsRatsSpinal Cordepidural stimulationfMRIMB-SWIFTratsspinal cord stimulationzero echo time

Identifiers

PMID34002880
PMCPMC8360072
OpenAlexW3160842560

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.