ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2021
Term Birth Weight and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Born at higher risk: persistent male excess risk of cerebral palsy from extreme prematurity to term: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2026Pooled it
- Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sperm DNA fragmentation and its influence on mammalian reproduction.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Birth Weight and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Diagnostic Categories: A Registry-Based Case-Control Study in Clinically Ascertained Samples.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Understanding variability in full-term newborns' fNIRS data: the impact of birth weight and gestational age on infants' speech perception abilities.Neurophotonics · 2026Article
- Lifelong cognitive and motor outcomes after being born small for gestational age or with fetal growth restriction.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Prenatal Substance Exposure and Birth Weight: Findings From the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study.Pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Teacher-Reported Prevalence of FASD in Kindergarten and Association With Home Problems and Early Intervention in 2010-2015 and 2016-2020.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods investigation of race, income, food insecurity and maternal and infant health.Public health nutrition · 2026Observational
- Fetal Growth Restriction, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Connecting the Dots: A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Anthropometric measurements as surrogate for identifying low birth weight: comparison with gold standard of measuring weight among neonates at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Long-term outcomes according to birth weight after full-term pregnancy: a nationwide cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Associations of fetal and infant growth patterns with behavior and cognitive outcomes in early adolescence.JCPP advances · 2025Article
- Genetic and environmental contributions to the link between synaesthesia and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric features: a twin study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Maternal polycystic ovarian syndrome and offspring psychopathology and neurodevelopment.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2025Review
- Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the Offspring of Young Female Cancer Survivors.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Longitudinal plasma amino acids during pregnancy and neonatal anthropometry: findings from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Early-life growth and emotional, behavior and cognitive outcomes in childhood and adolescence in the EU child cohort network: individual participant data meta-analysis of over 109,000 individuals.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Maternal probiotic supplementation protects against PBDE-induced developmental, behavior and metabolic reprogramming in a sexually dimorphic manner: Role of gut microbiome.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Intelligence and language outcomes in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed, uninfected: the role of sex, perinatal risk factors, and socioeconomic status.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPreterm birth is an important risk factor for neurodevelopmental disabilities. The vast majority of these disabilities occur, however, among term births. The role of fetal growth restriction specifically among term babies has been incompletely described.
methodsWe conducted a population-based study of term birth weight and its link to a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes using Norwegian health registries. To remove the influence of preterm birth, we restricted our analyses to 1.8 million singleton babies born during a narrow range of term gestational age (39-41 weeks). Babies with malformations were excluded. We adjusted analyses simply for year of birth, as further adjustments for sex, parity, maternal age, smoking, marital status, immigrant status, and parental education had trivial influence. An additional sibling analysis controlled for unmeasured family-based confounding.
resultsThe risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities at term steadily increased at birth weights lower than 3.5 kg. Using the category of 3.5-3.9 kg as the reference, the odds reached 25-fold for cerebral palsy at the smallest weights (95% confidence interval 8.0, 79), 16-fold for vision/hearing disability (4.0, 65), 11-fold for intellectual impairment (6.9, 17), 7-fold for schizophrenia (1.0, 50), 5.4-fold for epilepsy (2.6, 12), and 3.5-fold for autism spectrum (1.3, 9.4) and behavioral disorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (2.1, 5.4). Associations remained robust with sibling controls.
conclusionsReduced fetal growth is a powerful predictor of a wide variety of neurodevelopmental disabilities independent of preterm delivery.
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