ArticleAllergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology2021
Clinical and demographic pattern of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) from a multicenter perspective: Malaysia's experience over 26 years.
Article in Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- How I Treat: Chronic granulomatous disease.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Multicentre Study of DHR Flow Cytometry Results and Clinical Correlations in Malaysia.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2025Article
- Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) Life Index in Southeast Asia: A comparative analysis of PID Principles of Care (PoC).Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Chronic granulomatous disease in the United Arab Emirates: clinical and molecular characteristics in a single center.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The PID Principles of Care: Where Are We Now? A Global Status Report Based on the PID Life Index.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundA retrospective review of clinical manifestations and demographic pattern of patients diagnosed as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) from 7 hospitals in Malaysia. An analysis of the available database would establish clinical characteristics, diagnoses and outcome including microbiologic pattern. Studying the demography allows us to document the occurrence of CGD amongst multiethnic groups and its geographical distribution for Malaysia.
methodsData from the Malaysia Primary Immunodeficiency Network (MyPIN) with cases of CGD diagnosed from 1991 until 2016 were collated and analysed.
resultsTwenty patients were diagnosed as CGD. Males (N = 13, 65%) outnumber females (N = 7, 35%). CGD is commonest amongst the Malays (65%) followed by the Chinese (15.0%), Indians (10.0%) and natives of Borneo (10.0%), reflecting the ethnic composition of the country. The mean age of diagnosis was 3.7 years. There was a positive family history in 40% of the cases. Abscess was the main presenting feature in 16 patients (80%) with one involving the brain. Pneumonia occurred in 10 (50%) and one with complicated bronchiectasis. Catalase-positive bacteria were the most commonly isolated pathogen with Chromobacterium violaceum predominating (N = 5, 25%) with consequent high mortality (N = 4, 80%). All CGD patients with C. violaceum infection displayed CD4 + (T helper cells) lymphopenia.
conclusionThis study has shown CGD occurs in the major ethnic groups of Malaysia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and the largest series of chronic granulomatous disease in South East Asia which may be reflective of similar clinical pattern in the region. C. violaceum infection is associated with a higher mortality in CGD patients in Malaysia. All the CGD patients with C. violaceum infection in this patient series displayed CD4 + (T helper) lymphopenia. We recorded rare clinical manifestation of CGD viz. brain abscess and bronchiectasis.
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