ArticleJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2021
Multimodal immersive trail making-virtual reality paradigm to study cognitive-motor interactions.
Article in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Available Virtual Reality-Based Tools for Executive Functions: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Feasibility and Immediate Effects of Dynamic Exercise Using Mixed Reality for Balance Improvement in Older Adults and Individuals With Neurologic Disorders.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2026Article
- Ageing modulates the effects of scene complexity on visual search and target selection in virtual environments.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Somatosensory false feedback biases emotional ratings through interoceptive embodiment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrated Quantitative Evaluation of Spatial Cognition and Motor Function with HoloLens Mixed Reality.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Higher cognitive load interferes with head-hand coordination: virtual reality-based study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Studying cognitive-motor interactions using a tablet-based application of the Color Trails Test.Experimental brain research · 2023Article
- Development and validation of virtual reality-based Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNeuropsychological tests of executive function have limited real-world predictive and functional relevance. An emerging solution for this limitation is to adapt the tests for implementation in virtual reality (VR). We thus developed two VR-based versions of the classic Color-Trails Test (CTT), a well-validated pencil-and-paper executive function test assessing sustained (Trails A) and divided (Trails B) attention-one for a large-scale VR system (DOME-CTT) and the other for a portable head-mount display VR system (HMD-CTT). We then evaluated construct validity, test-retest reliability, and age-related discriminant validity of the VR-based versions and explored effects on motor function.
methodsHealthy adults (n = 147) in three age groups (young: n = 50; middle-aged: n = 80; older: n = 17) participated. All participants were administered the original CTT, some completing the DOME-CTT (14 young, 29 middle-aged) and the rest completing the HMD-CTT. Primary outcomes were Trails A and B completion times (t
resultsConstruct validity was substantiated by moderate correlations between the'gold standard' pencil-and-paper CTT and the VR adaptations (DOME-CTT: t
conclusionsThe present study demonstrates the feasibility and validity of converting a neuropsychological test from two-dimensional pencil-and-paper to three-dimensional VR-based format while preserving core neuropsychological task features. Findings on the spatiotemporal morphology of motor planning/execution during the cognitive tasks may lead to multimodal analysis methods that enrich the ecological validity of VR-based neuropsychological testing, representing a novel paradigm for studying cognitive-motor interactions.
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