ReviewInternational journal of laboratory hematology2021
The complicated relationships of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and platelet factor 4 antibodies with COVID-19.
Review in International journal of laboratory hematology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uncovering common pathways and potential drug targets in COVID-19 and venous thrombosisCentral-European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- The Role of Long-Range Non-Specific Electrostatic Interactions in Inhibiting the Pre-Fusion Proteolytic Processing of the SARS-CoV-2 S Glycoprotein by Heparin.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Thrombotic Mechanism Involving Platelet Activation, Hypercoagulability and Hypofibrinolysis in Coronavirus Disease 2019.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- From Co-Infections to Autoimmune Disease via Hyperactivated Innate Immunity: COVID-19 Autoimmune Coagulopathies, Autoimmune Myocarditis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Heparin-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (HITT) and Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT): Similar but Different.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Autoimmune Diseases Affecting Hemostasis: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Anti-PF4 antibodies associated with disease severity in COVID-19.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Complementary Sets of Autoantibodies Induced by SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus and Bacterial Antigens Cross-React with Human Blood Protein Antigens in COVID-19 Coagulopathies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The potential impact of Covid-19 on the capacity of routine laboratory tests to detect heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.Thrombosis journal · 2022Article
- Changes in thrombosis-related parameters after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination in a male volunteer: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2022Article
- A case of severe COVID-19 with pulmonary thromboembolism related to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during prophylactic anticoagulation therapy.Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Accelerated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a COVID-19 patient; a case report with literature review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- Insights into the immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to COVID-19 vaccines.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Review
- Antibodies against Platelet Factor 4 and Their Associated Pathologies: From HIT/HITT to Spontaneous HIT-Like Syndrome, to COVID-19, to VITT/TTS.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- COVID-19 coagulopathies: Human blood proteins mimic SARS-CoV-2 virus, vaccine proteins and bacterial co-infections inducing autoimmunity: Combinations of bacteria and SARS-CoV-2 synergize to induce autoantibodies targeting cardiolipin, cardiolipin-binding proteins, platelet factor 4, prothrombin, and coagulation factors.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Laboratory testing for suspected COVID-19 vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia.International journal of laboratory hematology · 2021Review
- The complicated relationships of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and platelet factor 4 antibodies with COVID-19.International journal of laboratory hematology · 2021Review
- Untangling the Intricacies of Infection, Thrombosis, Vaccination, and Antiphospholipid Antibodies for COVID-19.SN comprehensive clinical medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) represents a prothrombotic disorder, and there have been several reports of platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies being present in COVID-19-infected patients. This has thus been identified in some publications as representing a high incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), whereas in others, findings have been tempered by general lack of functional reactivity using confirmation assays of serotonin release assay (SRA) or heparin-induced platelet aggregation (HIPA). Moreover, in at least two publications, data are provided suggesting that antibodies can arise in heparin naïve patients or that platelet activation may not be heparin-dependent. From this literature, we would conclude that platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies can be observed in COVID-19-infected patients, and they may occur at higher incidence than in historical non-COVID-19-infected cohorts. However, the situation is complex, since not all platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies may lead to platelet activation, and not all identified antibodies are heparin-dependent, such that they do not necessarily reflect "true" HIT. Most recently, a "HIT-like" syndrome has reported in patients who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. Accordingly, much more is yet to be learnt about the insidious disease that COVID-19 represents, including autoimmune outcomes in affected patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.