ArticlePloS one2021
Dimensions of HIV-related stigma in rural communities in Kenya and Uganda at the start of a large HIV 'test and treat' trial.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Randomized Controlled Trial of Game Changers, a Social Network Intervention for HIV Prevention in Uganda.AIDS and behavior · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Anticipated Stigma in Nursing: A Concept Analysis Informed by Cannabis Use Disclosure.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Review
- Long-term trends in HIV-related stigma among older adults with and without HIV: a cohort study from Mbarara, Uganda.The Gerontologist · 2026Article
- Intersectional Stigma and Health of People Living with HIV on ART Who Use Alcohol in Southwestern Uganda.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Defining and Predicting HIV Immunological Non-Response: A Multi-Definition Analysis from an Indonesian Cohort.Viruses · 2025Article
- Youths' strategies for HIV status disclosure in rural Kenya and Uganda: You can't just trust everyone".SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, stigma perceptions, and practices towards HIV testing among youths aged 18-35 years in Kumba, Cameroon: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Using the health belief model to examine adolescent participation in HIV prevention research in Kampala, Uganda: A qualitative study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Healthcare workers' perspective about barriers and facilitators to pediatric HIV status disclosure in eastern Uganda using capability opportunity and motivation of behavior change model.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- HIV-related Shame among Women Giving Birth in Tanzania: A Mixed Methods Study.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Client experiences with "Dynamic Choice Prevention," a model for flexible patient-centred HIV prevention delivery in rural Eastern Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- Country uptake of WHO recommendations on differentiated HIV testing services approaches: a global policy review.BMJ open · 2024Review
- Feasibility and Acceptability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Self-Testing for Men of Middle-to-Upper Socioeconomic Status in Botswana: A Pilot Study at 4 Worksites in the Financial Sector.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Gender and stigma in antiretroviral treatment adherence in Mozambique: A qualitative study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Supportive couple relationships buffer against the harms of HIV stigma on HIV treatment adherence.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Characterization of HIV-Related Stigma in Myanmar.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Community Perceptions of HIV Stigma, Discriminatory Attitudes, and Disclosure Concerns: A Health Facility-Based Study in Selected Health Districts of South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Uptake and perceptions of oral HIV self-testing delivered by village health teams among men in Central Uganda: A concurrent parallel mixed methods analysis.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
HIV-related stigma is a frequently cited barrier to HIV testing and care engagement. A nuanced understanding of HIV-related stigma is critical for developing stigma-reduction interventions to optimize HIV-related outcomes. This qualitative study documented HIV-related stigma across eight communities in east Africa during the baseline year of a large HIV test-and-treat trial (SEARCH, NCT: 01864603), prior to implementation of widespread community HIV testing campaigns and efforts to link individuals with HIV to care and treatment. Findings revealed experiences of enacted, internalized and anticipated stigma that were highly gendered, and more pronounced in communities with lower HIV prevalence; women, overwhelmingly, both held and were targets of stigmatizing attitudes about HIV. Past experiences with enacted stigma included acts of segregation, verbal discrimination, physical violence, humiliation and rejection. Narratives among women, in particular, revealed acute internalized stigma including feelings of worthlessness, shame, embarrassment, and these resulted in anxiety and depression, including suicidality among a small number of women. Anticipated stigma included fears of marital dissolution, verbal and physical abuse, gossip and public ridicule. Anticipated stigma was especially salient for women who held internalized stigma and who had experienced enacted stigma from their partners. Anticipated stigma led to care avoidance, care-seeking at remote facilities, and hiding of HIV medications. Interventions aimed at reducing individual and community-level forms of stigma may be needed to improve the lives of PLHIV and fully realize the promise of test-and-treat strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.