ArticleEuropean journal of pediatrics2021
Dissatisfaction with school toilets is associated with bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Article in European journal of pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Improving Toilet Usability and Cleanliness in Public Schools in the Philippines Using a Packaged Operation and Maintenance Intervention.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Psychological and Psychiatric Issues in Functional Constipation, Fecal Incontinence and Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction-A Revised and Updated Document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS).Neurourology and urodynamics · 2026Review
- Parental understanding of restrictive bathroom policies in school-aged children.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Article
- Stool Withholding at School Among Children in the Netherlands.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- School toilet facilities perception of children with hirschsprung disease: a parents perspective.Pediatric surgery international · 2025Article
- Insights From a Survey of School Nurses: Assessing the Challenges of Constipation in Schools.The Journal of school health · 2025Article
- Understanding Pediatric Patient Experiences with Urotherapy Tools: Qualitative Focus Group Study.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Article
- Children with an Anorectal Malformation Going to Primary School: The Parent's Perspective.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Effect of household toilet accessibility on physical health of ethnic minority adolescents: a longitudinal study from the China Education Panel Survey 2013 and 2014.BMC public health · 2023Article
- The effect of school toileting behaviors and environment on the development of bowel and bladder dysfunction symptoms in children aged 5-10 years.Journal of family & community medicineArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Poor quality of school toilets is reportedly an issue in many countries and has been correlated with toilet refusal in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between perceived school toilet quality, behaviour regarding toilet visits, and symptoms of bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD). Pupils in Danish schools were invited to complete online questionnaires regarding toilet behaviour, perception of school toilet standards/quality, and symptoms of BBD. Teachers at the same schools were asked about the quality of the toilets. We recruited 19,577 children from 252 different schools. More than half of the children (50% boys and 60% girls) were dissatisfied with the toilet facilities. One-fourth of the children (28% of girls, 23% of boys) reported avoiding the use of school toilets. We found a strong correlation between being dissatisfied with school toilets, toilet avoidance, and symptoms of BBD.Conclusion: The majority of Danish children are unhappy with their school toilet facilities. Symptoms of BBD are associated with subjective toilet dissatisfaction and toilet visit postponement. Because children spend a significant part of their day at school, access to satisfactory toilet facilities is of utmost importance for their well-being. What is Known • Bladder and bowel dysfunction is common in childhood with urinary incontinence, constipation, and faecal incontinence being cardinal symptoms. • Behaviour regarding toilet visits contributes to the aetiology, and we know that toilet avoidance can lead to abnormal bladder and bowel function. What is New • Most children are not satisfied with their school toilets, and many avoid toilet visits. • Dissatisfaction with the school toilets is related to toilet avoidance and bladder and bowel dysfunction in school children regardless of age and gender.
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