Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33996236›Full record

ArticleBiomedical optics express2021

Multi-MHz MEMS-VCSEL swept-source optical coherence tomography for endoscopic structural and angiographic imaging with miniaturized brushless motor probes.

Jason Zhang, Tan Nguyen, Benjamin Potsaid, Vijaysekhar Jayaraman, Christopher Burgner, Siyu Chen, Jinxi Li, Kaicheng Liang, Alex Cable, Giovanni Traverso and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biomedical optics express, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Closing the Loop: High-Precision 3D Photofabrication in Living Tissues.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
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  5. Journal of biophotonics · 2025
    Article
  6. Widefield OCT angiography.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2025
    Review
  7. Review
  8. Advances in OCT Angiography.Translational vision science & technology · 2025
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Jason ZhangDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Tan NguyenDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Benjamin PotsaidDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Vijaysekhar JayaramanPraevium Research Inc., Santa Barbara, CA 93111, USA.
Christopher BurgnerPraevium Research Inc., Santa Barbara, CA 93111, USA.
Siyu ChenDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Jinxi LiDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Kaicheng LiangDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Alex CableAdvanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ 07860, USA.
Giovanni TraversoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Hiroshi MashimoHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
James G FujimotoDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Funding

Low cost and high performance MEMS-VCSEL technology for next generation swept source optical coherence tomography and microscopyR44CA235904 · NCI · PRAEVIUM RESEARCH, INC. · PI JAYARAMAN, VIJAYSEKHAR · 2018 to 2020
$1.7M
Omniview tethered capsule for low cost, non-endoscopic Barrett's esophagus screening in unsedated patientsR01CA252216 · NCI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI FUJIMOTO, JAMES G · 2020 to 2022
$1.0M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA252216NCI NIH HHS R44 CA235904
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) enables volumetric imaging of subsurface structure. However, applications requiring wide fields of view (FOV), rapid imaging, and higher resolutions have been challenging because multi-MHz axial scan (A-scan) rates are needed. We describe a microelectromechanical systems vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (MEMS-VCSEL) SS-OCT technology for A-scan rates of 2.4 and 3.0 MHz. Sweep to sweep calibration and resampling are performed using dual channel acquisition of the OCT signal and a Mach Zehnder interferometer signal, overcoming inherent optical clock limitations and enabling higher performance. We demonstrate ultrahigh speed structural SS-OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging of the swine gastrointestinal tract using a suite of miniaturized brushless motor probes, including a 3.2 mm diameter micromotor OCT catheter, a 12 mm diameter tethered OCT capsule, and a 12 mm diameter widefield OCTA probe. MEMS-VCSELs promise to enable ultrahigh speed SS-OCT with a scalable, low cost, and manufacturable technology, suitable for a diverse range of imaging applications.

Identifiers

PMID33996236
PMCPMC8086463

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.