ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Systems Architecture of Fibrotic Lung Microenvironment in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Cells · 2026Pooled it
- The evolving role of regulatory T cells in pulmonary diseases: immunomodulatory mechanisms and translational directions revealed by bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Common and rare variant analyses reveal genetic factors underlying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its shared aetiology with severe COVID-19.EBioMedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Mammalian Neuraminidases in Immune-Mediated Diseases: Mucins and Beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- SM17, an anti-interleukin-17 receptor B antibody, ameliorates pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisERJ open research · 2026Article
- The role of immune cell crosstalk and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Antifibrotic Strategies Targeting Phosphodiesterase-4 in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Translation.Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic Insights into Tumor Necrosis Factor α's Role in the Fibrosis-Related Processes of Equine Endometrial Fibroblasts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Role of Gut Microbiota on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Mediated by Circulating Inflammatory Proteins: A Two-Step, Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.The clinical respiratory journal · 2025Article
- Pexidartinib and Nintedanib Combination Therapy Targets Macrophage Polarization to Reverse Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Preclinical Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Hematologic and Immunologic Overlap Between COVID-19 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- A Simple Ratio in a Complex Disease: Exploring the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Molecular mechanisms of efferocytosis imbalance in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis microenvironment: from gene screening to dynamic regulation analysis.Biology direct · 2025Article
- Article
- Characterizing the Emergence of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles alleviate pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting monocyte‒macrophage migration through ERK1/2 signaling-mediated suppression of CCL2 expression.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- The role of vascularity and the fibrovascular interface in interstitial lung diseases.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.