ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Cellular Immune Response to COVID-19 and Potential Immune Modulators.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proteomic analysis identifies pathways related to immune dysregulation in patients with hematologic malignancies after COVID-19 infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Immune cell interactions and lung damage in SARS-CoV-2 special attention on monocytes/macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and Toll-like receptors in SARS-CoV-2.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Two-Year Follow-Up of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Professionals.Vaccines · 2025Article
- The Risk of Arrhythmias in Patients with COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Occupational exposure protection and perioperative management of sudden infectious diseases from the perspective of COVID-19.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Review
- Neopterin production in relation to COVID-19 in the Haut-Ogooué Province, Gabon.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Multiple sclerosis and COVID-19: a northern China survey.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Article
- T cell-mediated Immune response and correlates of inflammation and their relationship with COVID-19 clinical severity: not an intuitive guess.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Immunologic and Autoimmune-Related Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Clinical Symptoms and Mechanisms of Disease.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Th-1, Th-2, Th-9, Th-17, Th-22 type cytokine concentrations of critical COVID-19 patients after treatment with Remdesivir.Immunobiology · 2023Article
- B lymphocytes in COVID-19: a tale of harmony and discordance.Archives of virology · 2023Review
- Oral and intranasal immunization with food-grade recombinantVaccine: X · 2023Article
- Mixed storm in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A narrative review and new term in the Covid-19 era.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- Immune cell landscape in symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected adults and children in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh.Immunobiology · 2023Article
- HLA-I and HLA-II Peptidomes of SARS-CoV-2: A Review.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Low humoral and cellular immune responses early after breakthrough infection may contribute to severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 disrupt the dynamic balance between influenza A virus and human immunity.Journal of medical virology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 diagnostics: Molecular biology to nanomaterials.Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · 2023Review
- Phenotypical changes of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in COVID-19 patients: Correlation with disease status.Central-European journal of immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Droplets and contacts serve as the main route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The characteristic of the disease is rather heterogeneous, ranging from no symptoms to critical illness. The factors associated with the outcome of COVID-19 have not been completely characterized to date. Inspired by previous studies on the relevance of infectious diseases, viral and host factors related to clinical outcomes have been identified. The severity of COVID-19 is mainly related to host factors, especially cellular immune responses in patients. Patients with mild COVID-19 and improved patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit a normal immune response to effectively eliminate the virus. The immune response in patients with fatal severe COVID-19 includes three stages: normal or hypofunction, hyperactivation, and anergy. Eventually, the patients were unable to resist viral infection and died. Based on our understanding of the kinetics of immune responses during COVID-19, we suggest that type I interferon (IFN) could be administered to patients with severe COVID-19 in the hypofunctional stage, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and glucocorticoid therapy could be administered in the immune hyperactivation stage. In addition, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) anticoagulation therapy and anti-infective therapy with antibiotics are recommended in the hyperactivation stage.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.