Trial reportFrontiers in immunology2021
Clinical and Immunological Factors That Distinguish COVID-19 From Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1).
Trial report in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in clinical characteristics between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Proteomic analysis reveals divergent inflammatory mechanisms of COVID-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Prognostic prediction in COVID-19 patients: a comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota and hematological biomarkers.Virus research · 2026Article
- Cytokine Dynamics in Severe COVID-19 vs. Influenza A Elderly Patients: A Prospective Comparative Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Distinct Cytokine Landscapes Induced by Influenza a Virus, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Older Adults (65+) Using an Ex Vivo Whole Blood Stimulation Model.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- OPG and BAFF as predictive biomarkers of the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- An integrative model of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophage differentiation: the role of NF-Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Fu Tu Sheng Jin Rehabilitation Formula Mitigate Airway Inflammation, Mucus Secretion and Immune Dysfunction Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Prospective Variation of Cytokine Trends during COVID-19: A Progressive Approach from Disease Onset until Outcome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Club Cell Secretory Protein-16 (CC16) as a Prognostic Biomarker for COVID-19 and H1N1 Viral Infections.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Risk factors for pneumonia among children with coinfection of influenza A virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2024Article
- Predictive biomarkers of COVID-19 prognosis identified in Bangladesh patients and validated in Japanese cohorts.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impact of social distancing from the COVID-19 pandemic on the immuno-inflammatory response of older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Artificial intelligence for diagnosis of mild-moderate COVID-19 using haematological markers.Annals of medicine · 2023Article
- Point-of-Care Devices for Viral Detection: COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.Micromachines · 2023Review
- Which Factors Were Related to the Number of COVID-19 Cases in the 2022/2023 Season Compared to the 2021/2022 Season in Europe?Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Induced TSLP Is Associated with Duration of Hospital Stay in COVID-19 Patients.Viruses · 2023Article
- Distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Non-SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infections in Adult Patients through Clinical Score Tools.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
40 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a global health threat with the potential to cause severe disease manifestations in the lungs. Although COVID-19 has been extensively characterized clinically, the factors distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses are unknown. Here, we compared the clinical, histopathological, and immunological characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and pandemic influenza A(H1N1). We observed a higher frequency of respiratory symptoms, increased tissue injury markers, and a histological pattern of alveolar pneumonia in pandemic influenza A(H1N1) patients. Conversely, dry cough, gastrointestinal symptoms and interstitial lung pathology were observed in COVID-19 cases. Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) was characterized by higher levels of IL-1RA, TNF-α, CCL3, G-CSF, APRIL, sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, sCD30, and sCD163. Meanwhile, COVID-19 displayed an immune profile distinguished by increased Th1 (IL-12, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) cytokine levels, along with IL-1β, IL-6, CCL11, VEGF, TWEAK, TSLP, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 induces a dysbalanced polyfunctional inflammatory response that is different from the immune response against pandemic influenza A(H1N1). Furthermore, we demonstrated the diagnostic potential of some clinical and immune factors to differentiate both diseases. These findings might be relevant for the ongoing and future influenza seasons in the Northern Hemisphere, which are historically unique due to their convergence with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.