ReviewFrontiers in physiology2021
Bone-to-Brain: A Round Trip in the Adaptation to Mechanical Stimuli.
Review in Frontiers in physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-Intensity Exercise Performance as a Complex Adaptive System: An Integrative Review.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A circuit linking dentate gyrus and retrosplenial granular cortex regulates fracture healing in male mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mechanical Stimulation in Bone-on-Chip Platforms: A Systematic Review of Osteogenic Responses in Medical and Dental Applications.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Bone‑origin repair in diabetic foot ulcers: Mechanisms of callus formation and endocrine effects in healing (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Neurogenic heterotopic ossification: from molecular mechanisms to clinical treatment.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Review
- Integrative clinical and genomic analyses reveal a causal role of GPNMB in the bone-brain axis of Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Osteoimmunology uncovered: How macrophages and biomaterials revolutionize bone healing.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Integrative multimodal framework combining undercarboxylated osteocalcin and medial prefrontal cortex morphometry for prediction of cognitive decline in osteoporosis: a machine learning study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Advances in the regulation of bone metabolism by central nuclei: a new perspective on the brain-bone axis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Cognitive decline and reduced bone mineral density under the bone-brain axis: mechanistic insights and imaging evaluation strategies.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Exploring neuronal mechanisms of osteosarcopenia in older adults.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Bidirectional Interaction Between the Brain and Bone in Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Noninvasive holographic sensor system for measuring stiffness of soft micro samples.Journal of biomedical optics · 2025Article
- Study on the correlation between abnormal bone metabolism and cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Connecting the dots: sex, depression, and musculoskeletal health.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Comparative analysis of vision transformers and convolutional neural networks in osteoporosis detection from X-ray images.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Crosstalk between bone and brain in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Review
- Activation of the osteoblastic HIF-1α pathway partially alleviates the symptoms of STZ-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus via RegIIIγ.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Structural Features Influencing the Bioactive Conformation of Angiotensin II and Angiotensin A: Relationship between Receptor Desensitization, Addiction, and the Blood-Brain Barrier.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Bone health and physical activity in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cross-sectional case-control study.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Besides the classical ones (support/protection, hematopoiesis, storage for calcium, and phosphate) multiple roles emerged for bone tissue, definitively making it an organ. Particularly, the endocrine function, and in more general terms, the capability to sense and integrate different stimuli and to send signals to other tissues, has highlighted the importance of bone in homeostasis. Bone is highly innervated and hosts all nervous system branches; bone cells are sensitive to most of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurohormones that directly affect their metabolic activity and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Indeed, bone is the principal mechanosensitive organ. Thanks to the mechanosensing resident cells, and particularly osteocytes, mechanical stimulation induces metabolic responses in bone forming (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing (osteoclasts) cells that allow the adaptation of the affected bony segment to the changing environment. Once stimulated, bone cells express and secrete, or liberate from the entrapping matrix, several mediators (osteokines) that induce responses on distant targets. Brain is a target of some of these mediator [e.g., osteocalcin, lipocalin2, sclerostin, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), and fibroblast growth factor 23], as most of them can cross the blood-brain barrier. For others, a role in brain has been hypothesized, but not yet demonstrated. As exercise effectively modifies the release and the circulating levels of these osteokines, it has been hypothesized that some of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain functions may be associated to such a bone-to-brain communication. This hypothesis hides an interesting clinical clue: may well-addressed physical activities support the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases?
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.