ReviewInfectious diseases now2021
Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap?
Review in Infectious diseases now, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 292 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
292 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 455 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary trajectory and co-infection dynamics of human influenza A(H1N1) virus (2000-2025): an integrated framework informed by expert-informed bibliometrics.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of bovine dairy products and their components on the incidence and natural history of infection: a systematic literature review.Nutrition journal · 2024Pooled it
- Promoting expertise knowledge sharing in paediatric virology: An update (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Paediatric Healthcare Utilisation Trends From the Pre-Pandemic Period Through Two Years Post-COVID-19: Evidence From a Nationwide Big-Data Analysis.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Increased respiratory pathogen positivity and diversity in hospitalized children following the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.New microbes and new infections · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends and outcomes ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Surveillance of enteropathogenicJournal of medical microbiology · 2026Article
- Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in Children Under 14 Years of Age in Shijiazhuang City, China.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A multicenter retrospective study on severe complications of acute otitis media and sinusitis in healthy children in the context of covid pandemic - CAOS-kids.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Post-pandemic respiratory infections in children born during or before the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Viral Landscape, Clinical Impact, and Management Trends in Hospitalized Children for Viral-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases: A Comparative Analysis of Two Post-Pandemic Seasons in Rome, Italy.Journal of medical virology · 2026Observational
- Epidemic Pattern Changes in Influenza A and B and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pediatric Respiratory Infections During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions in Northwest China.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Mumps Vaccination Policies and Epidemiological Consequences: A Comparative Review of the United States and Japan.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Distinct age-dependent phenotypes of abnormal liver function tests derived from national Emergency Department data.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Influenza Complications in Children: The Experience of a Children's Hospital in Romania and a Comparative Literature Review of Western and Eastern Studies.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal analysis of scarlet fever in Guangzhou, China: the surveillance of 20 years.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Predictive Modeling of Enterovirus Hospital Burden Using Machine Learning and Age-Specific Surveillance Data: Operational Forecasting in Taiwan During the Postpandemic Era.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Article
232 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced incidence of many viral and bacterial infections has been reported in children: bronchiolitis, varicella, measles, pertussis, pneumococcal and meningococcal invasive diseases. The purpose of this opinion paper is to discuss various situations that could lead to larger epidemics when the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) imposed by the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic will no longer be necessary. While NPIs limited the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, they also reduced the spread of other pathogens during and after lockdown periods, despite the re-opening of schools since June 2020 in France. This positive collateral effect in the short term is welcome as it prevents additional overload of the healthcare system. The lack of immune stimulation due to the reduced circulation of microbial agents and to the related reduced vaccine uptake induced an "immunity debt" which could have negative consequences when the pandemic is under control and NPIs are lifted. The longer these periods of "viral or bacterial low-exposure" are, the greater the likelihood of future epidemics. This is due to a growing proportion of "susceptible" people and a declined herd immunity in the population. The observed delay in vaccination program without effective catch-up and the decrease in viral and bacterial exposures lead to a rebound risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. With a vaccination schedule that does not include vaccines against rotavirus, varicella, and serogroup B and ACYW Neisseria meningitidis, France could become more vulnerable to some of these rebound effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.