ArticleJournal of medical virology2021
Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A scoping review.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking and vaping alter genes related to mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2024Pooled it
- Sex-Related Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Patients Clinically Managed for Suspected Bacterial Infection in the Emergency Department.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Electrophysiological and Molecular Features of Remdesivir-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Male and Female Guinea Pigs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and prognostic differences of children with acute bronchitis across different age groups.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association between vaccination status and clinical characteristics among young adults infected with COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Determinants of Antibody Reactivity in COVID-19: A Case-Control Study in a Middle Eastern Cohort.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination With Sudden Death: An Explorative Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Inter-host diversity associated with age, sex, and menstrual cycle modulates clinical manifestations in DENV-2 patients.iScience · 2025Article
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Unraveled role of TLR7-mediated interferon signaling activation in COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Review
- The Prognostic Value of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19: The COVIDORA Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Distinct Regulation of the Vitamin D and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors in COVID-19.Nutrients · 2024Observational
- Prognostic factors for deterioration of quality of life one year after admission to ICU for severe SARS-COV2 infection.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Observational
- Negative association between ascaris lumbricoides seropositivity and Covid-19 severity: insights from a study in Benin.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Mucociliary clearance affected by mucus-periciliary interface stimulations using analytical solution during cough and sneeze.European physical journal plus · 2023Article
- Review
- The Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling family of proteins and their potential impact on COVID-19 disease progression.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Review
- 1Menstruation: a possible independent health promoter, aging and COVID-19.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2022Review
- Testosterone in males with COVID-19: A 7-month cohort study.Andrology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human immune system is not adequately equipped to eliminate new microbes and could result in serious damage on first exposure. This is primarily attributed to the exaggerated immune response (inflammatory disease), which may prove detrimental to the host, as evidenced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. From the experiences of Novel Coronavirus Disease-19 to date, male patients are likely to suffer from high-intensity inflammation and disease severity than the female population. Hormones are considered the significant pillars of sex differences responsible for the discrepancy in immune response exhibited by males and females. Females appear to be better equipped to counter invading respiratory viral pathogens, including the novel SARS-CoV-2, than males. It can be hypothesized that females are more shielded from disease severity, probably owing to the diverse action/influence of estrogen and other sex hormones on both cellular (thymus-derived T lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (antibodies).
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.