Observational studyBritish journal of sports medicine2021
Lower step rate is associated with a higher risk of bone stress injury: a prospective study of collegiate cross country runners.
Observational study in British journal of sports medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors of metatarsal stress fracture associated with repetitive sports activities: a systematic review.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Pooled it
- An Accelerometer-Equipped Running Watch Provides a Valid Estimate of Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force and Cumulative Weighted Damage: A Cross-Sectional Laboratory Study.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- Using Wearable Sensor Technology to Analyze Running Technique and Prospective Running-Related Injuries During United States Military Cadet Basic Training.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- Non-coding RNAs mediate mechanical load-regulating bone metabolic homeostasis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Biomechanical tradeoffs in stroller running: Reduced vertical impact loading and increased torsional injury risk.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Effect of Running Speed on Cadence and Running Kinetics.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2025Article
- Biomechanics associated with bone stress injury in athletes differ by proximal and distal anatomical locations: a cross-sectional analysis.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2025Article
- Predicting overstriding with wearable IMUs during treadmill and overground running.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Commentary on "Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running".Journal of sport and health science · 2024Article
- Predicting vertical ground reaction force characteristics during running with machine learning.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Changes in Thoroughbred speed and stride characteristics over successive race starts and their association with musculoskeletal injury.Equine veterinary journal · 2023Article
- Increased oxygen uptake in well-trained runners during uphill high intensity running intervals: A randomized crossover testing.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Injury and performance related biomechanical differences between recreational and collegiate runners.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2023Article
- Clinical Application of Gait Retraining in the Injured Runner.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Correspondence Between Values of Vertical Loading Rate and Oxygen Consumption During Inclined Running.Sports medicine - open · 2022Article
- A hierarchical clustering approach for examining potential risk factors for bone stress injury in runners.Journal of biomechanics · 2022Article
- Bone stress injuries.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022Review
- Relationships between Running Biomechanics, Hip Muscle Strength, and Running-Related Injury in Female Collegiate Cross-country Runners.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2022Article
- Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2021Article
- Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine if running biomechanics and bone mineral density (BMD) were independently associated with bone stress injury (BSI) in a cohort of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I cross country runners.
methodsThis was a prospective, observational study of 54 healthy collegiate cross country runners over three consecutive seasons. Whole body kinematics, ground reaction forces (GRFs) and BMD measures were collected during the preseason over 3 years via motion capture on an instrumented treadmill and total body densitometer scans. All medically diagnosed BSIs up to 12 months following preseason data collection were recorded. Generalised estimating equations were used to identify independent risk factors of BSI.
resultsUnivariably, step rate, centre of mass vertical excursion, peak vertical GRF and vertical GRF impulse were associated with BSI incidence. After adjusting for history of BSI and sex in a multivariable model, a higher step rate was independently associated with a decreased risk of BSI. BSI risk decreased by 5% (relative risk (RR): 0.95; 95% CI 0.91 to 0.98) with each one step/min increase in step rate. BMD z-score was not a statistically significant risk predictor in the final multivariable model (RR: 0.93, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.03). No other biomechanical variables were found to be associated with BSI risk.
conclusionLow step rate is an important risk factor for BSI among collegiate cross country runners and should be considered when developing comprehensive programmes to mitigate BSI risk in distance runners.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.