Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33989535›Full record

ArticleThe lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology2021

Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study.

Rishi Caleyachetty, Thomas M Barber, Nuredin Ibrahim Mohammed, Francesco P Cappuccio, Rebecca Hardy, Rohini Mathur, Amitava Banerjee, Paramjit Gill

Erratum issuedOpen access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 250 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
250citing papers in PubMed, 13 pooled it
89.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

250 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 388 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Guideline
  2. Increased Circulating Interleukin Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
    Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025
    Guideline
  5. Polygenic Risk and Nutrient Intake Interactions on Obesity Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
    Pooled it
  6. Pharmacotherapy for obesity management in adults: 2025 clinical practice guideline update.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025
    Guideline
  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Pooled it
  11. Pooled it
  12. Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2023
    Pooled it
  13. Obesity in South and Southeast Asia-A new consensus on care and management.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2023
    Guideline
  14. Trial
  15. Trial
  16. Trial
  17. Trial
  18. Trial
  19. Trial
  20. Impact of body mass index on efficacy and safety of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2023
    Trial

190 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Rishi CaleyachettyNuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Electronic address: r.caleyachetty@icloud.com.
Thomas M BarberWarwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.
Nuredin Ibrahim MohammedMRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia.
Francesco P CappuccioWarwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Rebecca HardySocial Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
Rohini MathurDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Amitava BanerjeeInstitute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
Paramjit GillWarwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
University College London · GBMRC Unit the Gambia · GMUniversity of Oxford · GBCoventry (United Kingdom) · GB

Funding

Department of Health PB-PG-1217–20038Medical Research Council MR/R010161/1Wellcome Trust 201375/Z/16/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNational and global recommendations for BMI cutoffs to trigger action to prevent obesity-related complications like type 2 diabetes among non-White populations are questionable. We aimed to prospectively identify ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on the risk of type 2 diabetes that are risk-equivalent to the BMI cutoff for obesity among White populations (≥30 kg/m

methodsIn this population-based cohort study, we used electronic health records across primary care (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) linked to secondary care records (Hospital Episodes Statistics) from a network of general practitioner practices in England. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older, without any past or current diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, had a BMI of 15·0-50·0 kg/m

findings1 472 819 people were included in our study, of whom 1 333 816 (90·6%) were White, 75 956 (5·2%) were south Asian, 49 349 (3·4%) were Black, 10 934 (0·7%) were Chinese, and 2764 (0·2%) were Arab. After a median follow-up of 6·5 years (IQR 3·2-11·2), 97 823 (6·6%) of 1 472 819 individuals were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. For the equivalent age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence of type 2 diabetes at a BMI of 30·0 kg/m

interpretationRevisions of ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs are needed to ensure that minority ethnic populations are provided with appropriate clinical surveillance to optimise the prevention, early diagnosis, and timely management of type 2 diabetes.

fundingNational Institute for Health Research.

Indexed as

Body Mass IndexEthnicityPopulation SurveillanceAdultCohort StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Electronic Health RecordsEnglandFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedObesityRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID33989535
PMCPMC8208895
OpenAlexW3162704165

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.