Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33989173›Full record

ReviewEuropean journal of endocrinology2021

GLOBAL ENDOCRINOLOGY: Global perspectives in endocrinology: coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020.

Michael B Zimmermann, Maria Andersson

Registry-linked trialAbstract readHistorical ArticleReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in European journal of endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05920603 (Iodine Status of the Indigenous Peoples), which is not on this map. Cited by 121 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
121citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05920603 completednot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Iodine Status of the Indigenous Peoples (Karen) Living in Laiwo Subdistrict, Sangkhlaburi District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand

TypeobservationalSponsorMahidol UniversityRan2022 to 2023Enrolled600ConditionsIodine Deficiency
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

121 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  19. The Goiter of Nan: Historical iodine deficiency through Lanna mural art.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026
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61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Michael B ZimmermannDepartment of Health Sciences and Technology, Human Nutrition Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Maria AnderssonIodine Global Network, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-4859-1383

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects on growth and development. Diets in many countries cannot provide adequate iodine without iodine fortification of salt. In 2020, 124 countries have legislation for mandatory salt iodization and 21 have legislation allowing voluntary iodization. As a result, 88% of the global population uses iodized salt. For population surveys, the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) should be measured and expressed as the median, in μg/L. The quality of available survey data is high: UIC surveys have been done in 152 out of 194 countries in the past 15 years; in 132 countries, the studies were nationally representative. The number of countries with adequate iodine intake has nearly doubled from 67 in 2003 to 118 in 2020. However, 21 countries remain deficient, while 13 countries have excessive intakes, either due to excess groundwater iodine, or over-iodized salt. Iodine programs are reaching the poorest of the poor: of the 15 poorest countries in the world, 10 are iodine sufficient and only 3 (Burundi, Mozambique and Madagascar) remain mild-to-moderately deficient. Nigeria and India have unstable food systems and millions of malnourished children, but both are iodine-sufficient and population coverage with iodized salt is a remarkable 93% in both. Once entrenched, iodine programs are often surprisingly durable even during national crises, for example, war-torn Afghanistan and Yemen are iodine-sufficient. However, the equity of iodized salt programs within countries remains an important issue. In summary, continued support of iodine programs is needed to sustain these remarkable global achievements, and to reach the remaining iodine-deficient countries.

Indexed as

EndocrinologyGlobal HealthAdultChildDeficiency DiseasesFemaleHistory, 21st CenturyHumansInfant, NewbornIodineMalnutritionNational Health ProgramsPregnancyPrimary PreventionSodium Chloride, DietaryIodineiodized saltSodium Chloride, Dietary

Identifiers

PMID33989173
PMCPMC8240726

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.