ReviewThe international journal of neuropsychopharmacology2021
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and Opportunities.
Review in The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synergistic, multi-level understanding of psychedelics: three systematic reviews and meta-analyses of their pharmacology, neuroimaging and phenomenology.Translational psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Differential Effects of Substance Use on HIV Care and Symptom Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis Among People with HIV.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2025Trial
- Article
- Low-dose lysergic acid diethylamide alters subjective visual perception but not visual contrast surround suppression.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2026Article
- Illuminating consciousness.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- The evolution of N, N-Dimethyltryptamine: from metabolic pathways to brain connectivity.Psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- History, Hype, and Responsible Psychedelic Medicine: A Qualitative Study of Psychedelic Researchers.Journal of bioethical inquiry · 2025Article
- MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Regulatory Challenges and a Path Forward.CNS drugs · 2025Article
- The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics on Reducing Rumination: A Mini-Review.Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2024Review
- Brain Networks, Neurotransmitters and Psychedelics: Towards a Neurochemistry of Self-Awareness.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, psychedelic methodologies, and the impregnable value of the subjective-a new and evolving approach.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- 5-HT2AR and NMDAR psychedelics induce similar hyper-synchronous states in the rat cognitive-limbic cortex-basal ganglia system.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Anesthesia for non-traditional consciousness.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- Editorial: What is up with psychedelics anyway?Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- This is your brain on death: a comparative analysis of a near-death experience and subsequent 5-Methoxy-DMT experience.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Ethical Issues Regarding Nonsubjective Psychedelics as Standard of Care.Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees · 2022Article
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine.Human psychopharmacology · 2022Review
- Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches as Default.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Review
- Editorial: The Interplay Between Consciousness and Attention in Atypical Contexts of Experience.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- A Single Belief-Changing Psychedelic Experience Is Associated With Increased Attribution of Consciousness to Living and Non-living Entities.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Psychedelic substances produce unusual and compelling changes in conscious experience that have prompted some to propose that psychedelics may provide unique insights explaining the nature of consciousness. At present, psychedelics, like other current scientific tools and methods, seem unlikely to provide information relevant to the so-called "hard problem of consciousness," which involves explaining how first-person experience can emerge. However, psychedelics bear on multiple "easy problems of consciousness," which involve relations between subjectivity, brain function, and behavior. In this review, we discuss common meanings of the term "consciousness" when used with regard to psychedelics and consider some models of the effects of psychedelics on the brain that have also been associated with explanatory claims about consciousness. We conclude by calling for epistemic humility regarding the potential for psychedelic research to aid in explaining the hard problem of consciousness while pointing to ways in which psychedelics may advance the study of many specific aspects of consciousness.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.