ReviewAnnals of translational medicine2021
Narrative review of facial gender surgery: approaches and techniques for the frontal sinus and upper third of the face.
Review in Annals of translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative Analysis of Male Versus Female Frontal Bone and Orbital Skeletal Morphology.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Feminization of the Forehead: A Scoping Literature Review and Cohort Study of Transfeminine Patients.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Article
- Facial Masculinization Surgery Using Polyetheretherketone Alloplasty: Statistical Shape Modeling-based Implant Designs.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Feminization Surgery of the Upper Face as the Crucial Factor in Gender Confirmation-Pearls and Pitfalls.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Finesse in Gender Affirming Frontal Contouring With Corrugator Resection.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Facial gender confirmation surgery (FGCS) is a series of procedures which seek to harmonize a patient's face with his/her self-image and gender identity. Originally described in San Francisco in the 1980s, FGCS has evolved to encompass all elements of the craniofacial skeleton and facial soft tissue. This field in plastic and reconstructive surgery has quickly gained more attention in the past decade due to the pioneering work of groups around the world along with increased social acceptance and medical care of the transgender community. This narrative review focuses on the upper third of the face. Key differences in the forehead and the hairline of cis men and women are discussed which inform pharmacologic and surgical interventions. Hairline modifying therapies including pharmacotherapy and hair transplantation are explained. Virtual surgical planning (VSP), a tool broadly used in surgical fields, has a special role in FGCS and we offer advice in using VSP when addressing the frontal sinus. Use of VSP allows the surgeon to provide reproducible and accurate results. We then discuss the history of the frontal sinus setback and offer our algorithmic approach to recontouring the forehead with detailed description of the operative steps and decision making. Finally, postoperative care and complications considered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.