ArticleJournal of child & adolescent trauma2021
Making the "C-ACE" for a Culturally-Informed Adverse Childhood Experiences Framework to Understand the Pervasive Mental Health Impact of Racism on Black Youth.
Article in Journal of child & adolescent trauma, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Understanding adverse childhood experiences within the first decade of the ABCD study: A systematic review.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Universal interventions to improve young children's mental well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- Racism-related experiences and substance use: A systematic and meta-analytic review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Pooled it
- Racism-Related Experiences and Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53Pooled it
- Family-Centered Prevention to Reduce Discrimination-Related Depressive Symptoms Among Black Adolescents: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Unpacking the Relationship between Sexual and Gender Minority Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Distress: the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Fear of Compassion from others.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2026Article
- Maltreatment-Exposure Screening and Adolescent Mental Health: An Evidence-Based Medicine Perspective on Accuracy and Fairness.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2026Article
- Strengths-Based Programs for Youth at Risk for Toxic Stress: A Scoping Review of Programs Targeting Mental Health, Substance Use, Parenting Skills, and Family Functioning.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2026Article
- Article
- Lifetime Psychiatric Diagnoses Among NESARC-III Hispanic Participants: A Relative Importance Analysis of Sociodemographic and Social Determinants of Health.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Adverse childhood experiences, adult adiposity, and risk of young-onset breast cancer subtypes in a population-based case-control study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- A Doubly Robust Machine Learning Procedure to Estimate Disparities by Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicidality.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations Between Patterns of Sleep Disturbances and Mental Health Among Child Welfare-Involved Adolescents.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Beyond Cumulative Risk: Gender-Specific Latent Class Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Systemic Inequities in Black Americans.Adversity and resilience science · 2026Article
- Assessing Measurement Invariance in Allostatic Load between Black and White Adolescents.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The Impact of Childhood Household Violence on HIV-Related Outcomes in People With HIV in the United States: The Role of Psychological Distress and Social Stressors.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Race, gender, and childhood adversity: gender-specific prevalence of ACE exposure among Black Americans.Ethnicity & health · 2026Article
- Which Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences are most Strongly Associated with Young Peoples' Arrests and Convictions?Adversity and resilience science · 2026Article
- Impact of racial discrimination in education and other adverse childhood experiences on black students' mental health and wellbeing: an interpretative phenomenological analysis study.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2025Article
- Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intersecting Identities on Adolescents' School Engagement in the United States.The Journal of school health · 2025Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
The high prevalence and psychological impact of childhood exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTE) is a major public health concern in the United States. Considerable evidence has demonstrated the significant racial disparities that exist with respect to PTE exposure, indicating that Black youth are particularly burdened by these harmful experiences. Racism may serve a unique role in explaining why Black youth are disproportionately exposed to PTEs, and why mental health disparities are more likely to occur following such experiences. Despite clear evidence acknowledging racism as a major life stressor for Black youth, theoretical models of early childhood adversity have largely neglected the multifaceted influence of racism on mental health outcomes. Inspired by bourgeoning literature highlighting the potentially traumatic nature of racism-related experiences for Black youth, we present a culturally-informed Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) model, or "C-ACE", to understand the pervasive and deleterious mental health impact of racism on Black youth. This model extends the ACE framework by noting the significance of racism as an ACE exposure risk factor, a distinct ACE category, and a determinant of post-ACE mental health outcomes among Black youth. The model acknowledges and supports the advancement of ACEs research that takes a culturally informed approach to understanding the intergenerational and multilevel impact of racism on the mental health of Black youth. Future research utilizing the proposed C-ACE model is essential for informing clinical and public health initiatives centered on reducing the mental health impact of racism-related experiences and health disparities in the United States.
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