ArticleNature human behaviour2021
A unified framework of direct and indirect reciprocity.
Article in Nature human behaviour, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- Incomplete reputation information and punishment in indirect reciprocity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Efficiency Recalibrates Social-Emotional Trade-Offs Behind Partner Choice in Direct Reciprocity through Intention-Specific Neural Bases.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Editorial: Social influences on ontogenetic development.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Promoters of cooperation in evolutionary games.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Impact of social rewarding in dynamic shop floor environments.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exact conditions for evolutionary stability in indirect reciprocity under noise.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Perceptual rationality: an evolutionary game theory of perceptually rational decision-making.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Tolerant integrated reciprocity sustains cooperation in a noisy environment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Reciprocity evolves more readily in competitive than cooperative socio-ecologies.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Evolving general cooperation with a Bayesian theory of mind.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Article
- Dynamics of cooperation in concurrent games.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Free mobility across group boundaries promotes intergroup cooperation.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Observational evidence that economic reciprocity pervades self-organized food co-operatives.Evolutionary human sciences · 2025Article
- Indirect reciprocity under opinion synchronization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Computational evolution of social norms in well-mixed and group-structured populations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Cooperation and social organization depend on weighing private and public reputations.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Using artificial agents to nudge outgroup altruism and reduce ingroup favoritism in human-agent interaction.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Enhancing social cohesion with cooperative bots in societies of greedy, mobile individuals.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Evolution of reciprocity with limited payoff memory.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Direct and indirect reciprocity are key mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Direct reciprocity means that individuals use their own experience to decide whether to cooperate with another person. Indirect reciprocity means that they also consider the experiences of others. Although these two mechanisms are intertwined, they are typically studied in isolation. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework that allows us to explore both kinds of reciprocity simultaneously. We show that the well-known 'generous tit-for-tat' strategy of direct reciprocity has a natural analogue in indirect reciprocity, which we call 'generous scoring'. Using an equilibrium analysis, we characterize under which conditions either of the two strategies can maintain cooperation. With simulations, we additionally explore which kind of reciprocity evolves when members of a population engage in social learning to adapt to their environment. Our results draw unexpected connections between direct and indirect reciprocity while highlighting important differences regarding their evolvability.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.