ArticleScientific reports2021
Daily variation of macronutrient concentrations in mature human milk over 3 weeks.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations Between Breast Milk Energy Intake, Infant Sleep Duration and Time Until Next Feed.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- Human milk macronutrient composition and intake in relation to preterm infant growth: a cohort study.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Standardised neonatal nutrition care bundle and growth velocity in infants <32 weeks: a single-centre pre-quality/post-quality improvement study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Observational
- Early-Life Nutritional Determinants of Pediatric MASLD.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Deciphering dynamic antibiotics-microbiome-metabolome interactions in preterm infants using systems biology.iScience · 2025Article
- Observational
- Exploring the Immunomodulatory Potential of Human Milk: Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation and Its Impact on Neonatal Gut Health.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Human Milk Nutrient Composition Data is Critically Lacking in the United States and Canada: Results from a Systematic Scoping Review of 2017-2022.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- Early life programming of health and disease: The long-term consequences of obesity in pregnancy.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2022Review
- Changes in Human Milk Fat Globule Composition Throughout Lactation: A Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk (HM) composition is known to be highly variable, both between individuals and across the duration of lactation. It is less clear, however, to what extent fat, lactose and protein concentrations in HM change daily over shorter time periods in mature HM, and no studies have evaluated this to date. The aim of this study was to systematically assess and compare HM macronutrient concentrations in samples collected at different times of day, from left and right breasts and daily across a 3-week period in the same woman. Fifteen lactating women (1.6-4.9 months postpartum) collected daily pre-feed HM samples from both breasts each morning for 21 consecutive days and completed intensive sampling once a week (morning, afternoon and evening samples) during this period. Concentrations of fat, protein and lactose in HM did not differ according to time of day, day of week or breast used for collection. The results of this study suggest that pre-feed samples collected at any point across a 3-week period and from either the left or right breast provide comparable measures of fat, protein and lactose concentrations in mature HM, in pragmatic studies where women are collecting their own HM samples.Clinical trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000606189).
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