ArticleNPJ vaccines2021
Highly conserved, non-human-like, and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes for COVID-19 vaccine design and validation.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systemic review of T-cell epitopes defined from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2.Virus research · 2023Pooled it
- An open-label study on the safety and immunogenicity of a PD-1-enhanced DNA vaccine used as a T cell booster for COVID-19.EBioMedicine · 2025Trial
- Preclinical evaluation of a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine platform for broad and durable SARS-CoV-2 protection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- T-cell responses to highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in Hispanic Americans receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Mixed lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine candidate induces cross-variant immunity and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Mixed lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine elicits a long-term bone marrow memory response that is potentially cross-reactive against a broad-spectrum of coronaviruses in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Design, Development and Immunogenicity Study of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Prototype Against SARS-CoV-2.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- B and T Cell Bi-Cistronic Multiepitopic Vaccine Induces Broad Immunogenicity and Provides Protection Against SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Antibody Responses in SARS-CoV-2-Exposed and/or Vaccinated Individuals Target Conserved Epitopes from Multiple CoV-2 Antigens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Construction and efficacy testing of DNA vaccines containing HLA-A*02:01-restricted SARS-CoV-2 T-cell epitopes predicted by immunoinformatics.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2024Article
- Physicochemical properties-based hybrid machine learning technique for the prediction of SARS-CoV-2 T-cell epitopes as vaccine targets.PeerJ. Computer science · 2024Article
- Prediction of antigenic peptides of SARS- CoV-2 pathogen using machine learning.PeerJ. Computer science · 2024Article
- Immunodominant conserved moieties on spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 renders virulence factor for the design of epitope-based peptide vaccines.Virusdisease · 2023Article
- Detection of Antibodies against Endemic and SARS-CoV-2 Coronaviruses with Short Peptide Epitopes.Vaccines · 2023Article
- DNA immunization withFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes induced by natural Zika virus infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- A SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 homolog of a Treg epitope suppresses CD4+ and CD8+ T cell memory responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccine design using reverse and structural vaccinology, ontology-based literature mining and machine learning.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2022Article
- Potential of Microneedle Systems for COVID-19 Vaccination: Current Trends and Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Natural and vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity in humans has been described but correlates of protection are not yet defined. T cells support the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, clear virus-infected cells, and may be required to block transmission. In this study, we identified peptide epitopes associated with SARS-CoV-2 T-cell immunity. Using immunoinformatic methods, T-cell epitopes from spike, membrane, and envelope were selected for maximal HLA-binding potential, coverage of HLA diversity, coverage of circulating virus, and minimal potential cross-reactivity with self. Direct restimulation of PBMCs collected from SARS-CoV-2 convalescents confirmed 66% of predicted epitopes, whereas only 9% were confirmed in naive individuals. However, following a brief period of epitope-specific T-cell expansion, both cohorts demonstrated robust T-cell responses to 97% of epitopes. HLA-DR3 transgenic mouse immunization with peptides co-formulated with poly-ICLC generated a potent Th1-skewed, epitope-specific memory response, alleviating safety concerns of enhanced respiratory disease associated with Th2 induction. Taken together, these epitopes may be used to improve our understanding of natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and to facilitate the development of T-cell-targeted vaccines that harness pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.