ReviewThorax2022
Cigarette smoke exposure and alveolar macrophages: mechanisms for lung disease.
Review in Thorax, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 197 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
197 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 366 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Respiratory disease in people with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- Respiratory disease in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Smoking on the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Pooled it
- The effect of smoking on lung function changes during a 16-week combined exercise program in middle-aged workers: a latent growth curve analysis.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- Lung Cancer Patients Display Increased Expression of Bovine Meat and Milk Factor (BMMF) Proteins in Peritumor Alveolar Macrophages.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Alveolar Macrophages: Development, Respiratory Homeostasis, Signal Pathways, Diseases, and Therapeutic Opportunities.MedComm · 2026Review
- The Role of MicroRNAs Implicated in the Regulation of PI3K/AKT and Focal Adhesion Signaling Pathways in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Development and internal validation of a clinical nomogram for predicting major postoperative pulmonary complications following radical cystectomy: a retrospective cohort study.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Article
- Article
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Prevalence and determinants of tuberculosis and COVID-19 among patients with presumptive tuberculosis in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Construction of a nomogram model for postoperative complications following thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery in elderly patients: a study based on an elderly patient population.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Cigarette Smoke Induces the Pro-inflammatory Response of Lung Macrophages via Activation of the IL-33/ST2-Dependent Pathway.Immune network · 2026Article
- Trained immunity in respiratory diseases: Mechanisms of action and intervention strategies.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Amiodarone-Induced Pneumonia Without Foamy Macrophages in the BALF: A Diagnostic Challenge Unveiled by Cryobiopsy.Respirology case reports · 2026Article
- Esketamine alleviates COPD-depression comorbidity in rats via MAPK/NF-κB inhibition and gut-lung-brain axis modulation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Biological aging predicts mortality in Parkinson's patients: evidence from UK Biobank.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Association of life's essential 8 with chronic respiratory disease mortality and lung health: a national cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2026Article
137 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. It causes chronic lung disease and predisposes individuals to acute lung injury and pulmonary infection. Alveolar macrophages are sentinel cells strategically positioned in the interface between the airway lumen and the alveolar spaces. These are the most abundant immune cells and are the first line of defence against inhaled particulates and pathogens. Recently, there has been a better understanding about the ontogeny, phenotype and function of alveolar macrophages and their role, not only in phagocytosis, but also in initiating and resolving immune response. Many of the functions of the alveolar macrophage have been shown to be dysregulated following exposure to cigarette smoke. While the mechanisms for these changes remain poorly understood, they are important in the understanding of cigarette smoking-induced lung disease. We review the mechanisms by which smoking influences alveolar macrophage: (1) recruitment, (2) phenotype, (3) immune function (bacterial killing, phagocytosis, proteinase/anti-proteinase release and reactive oxygen species production) and (4) homeostasis (surfactant/lipid processing, iron homeostasis and efferocytosis). Further understanding of the mechanisms of cigarette smoking on alveolar macrophages and other lung monocyte/macrophage populations may allow novel ways of restoring cellular function in those patients who have stopped smoking in order to reduce the risk of subsequent infection or further lung injury.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.