ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2021
Effects of maternal consumption of morphine on rat skeletal system development.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Aripiprazole‑induced alterations in axial skeletal ossification following in utero exposure in rats.Anatomy & cell biology · 2026Article
- Chronic Morphine Treatment Leads to a Global DNA Hypomethylation via Active and Passive Demethylation Mechanisms in mESCs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Effects of maternal morphine consumption on odontogenesis in rats: A histomorphometric study.Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundOpioid abuse is among the most ubiquitous issues world-wide, and when it happens in mothers, it puts them at risk of diseases that can be transferred to the next generation. Previous studies have indicated that morphine addiction during pregnancy could inhibit development in rat embryos and infants. The present study focused on the effects of maternal consumption of morphine on rat skeletal system development and also investigate the molecular pathway of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of infants from control and addicted rat groups.
methodsThirty-two female rats were randomly assigned to four groups. The groups consisted of one- and seven-day-old female infants which were born of morphine-dependent mothers and a control group for each of them. Experimental groups received oral morphine at the final dose of 0.4 mg/ml/day. Withdrawal signs were confirmation of morphine dependency. Female rats were crossed with male rats and coupling time was recorded. Fixed bones of all groups were processed and then stained by hematoxyline-eosin method. Thickness and cell number of proximal and distal growth plate of bones were measured. The cartilage and bone cells were stained by alcian blue/alizarin red method. Additionally, the gene expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and COLL2 and SOX9 gene expression were studied immuno-histochemically.
resultsUnfavorable effects of morphine on histological measurements were observed in one-day and seven-day infants, with more effects on seven-day infants. The thickness and cell number of the proximal and distal growth plate of morphine-dependent rat offsprings were reduced significantly. Furthermore, morphine reduced growth of primary and secondary ossification centers, and thus, longitudinal bone growth was reduced. Moreover, a decrease in the alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, COLL2 and SOX9 gene expression, and the number of stained cells was observed. More adverse effects of morphine in seven-day infants compared to one-day infants which showed the time dependent of morphine to the time length of administration.
conclusionHistochemistry and immunohistochemistry findings on cartilage and bone matrix formation, as well as protein expression of chondrogenic and osteogenic markers suggest that morphine dependence in pregnant mothers may impair intra-cartilaginous osteogenesis in post-natal rats.
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