ReviewClinical and translational science2021
3D cell culture models: Drug pharmacokinetics, safety assessment, and regulatory consideration.
Review in Clinical and translational science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 196 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Pluripotency to Precision: A Comprehensive Review of hPSCs/iPSCs Models in Neuroscience Research.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Pooled it
- Experimental Protocols Used to Mimic Gastrointestinal Protein Digestion: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Biomimetic Scaffold-Based 3D Models for Decoding Cancer Biology and Advancing Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- 3D Liver Fibrosis Models in Lab: A Novel Modality for Drug Screening.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory efficacy of culture condition-dependent modulation of mesenchymal stem cells.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Engineering in vitro models to replicate the complexity of chronic wounds.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Liver organoids for chemical risk assessment: biological fidelity, standardization, and context-of-use frameworks.Archives of pharmacal research · 2026Review
- Using biomaterial-based 3D in vitro cancer models to solve current clinical problems.British journal of cancer · 2026Review
- Recent advances and expanding applications of organoid models in unveiling drug ADME profiles.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- The In Vitro Wound-Scratch Assay: Applications, Technical Advances, and Limitations in Wound Healing Research.International wound journal · 2026Review
- Tumor organoid platform design for drug response modeling: culture architecture, microenvironmental complexity, and AI-assisted readouts.Archives of pharmacal research · 2026Review
- Construction, evaluation, and applications of renal barrier-on-a-chip system.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Next-Generation In Vitro Pulmonary Platforms for Respiratory Disease Modelling and Therapeutic Development: Current Advances and Future Prospects.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Neurotoxicity Prediction of Compounds: Integrating Knowledge-Guided Graph Representations with Machine Learning Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Emerging innovations in ophthalmic drug delivery for diabetic retinopathy: a translational perspective.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Three-dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Organoids in drug development: from predictive models to regulatory integration.Drug discovery today · 2026Review
- Cell-embedded microgels as emerging miniature 3D tissue-mimics toward biochip-based toxicity screening.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- Dual phase modeling of Chrysotile carcinogenesis from 3D cell transformation to orthotopic tumors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Visualization, Data Extraction, and Multiparametric Analysis of 3D Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines for High-Throughput Screening.Biomedicines · 2026Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 13 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Nonclinical testing has served as a foundation for evaluating potential risks and effectiveness of investigational new drugs in humans. However, the current two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture systems cannot accurately depict and simulate the rich environment and complex processes observed in vivo, whereas animal studies present significant drawbacks with inherited species-specific differences and low throughput for increased demands. To improve the nonclinical prediction of drug safety and efficacy, researchers continue to develop novel models to evaluate and promote the use of improved cell- and organ-based assays for more accurate representation of human susceptibility to drug response. Among others, the three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models present physiologically relevant cellular microenvironment and offer great promise for assessing drug disposition and pharmacokinetics (PKs) that influence drug safety and efficacy from an early stage of drug development. Currently, there are numerous different types of 3D culture systems, from simple spheroids to more complicated organoids and organs-on-chips, and from single-cell type static 3D models to cell co-culture 3D models equipped with microfluidic flow control as well as hybrid 3D systems that combine 2D culture with biomedical microelectromechanical systems. This article reviews the current application and challenges of 3D culture systems in drug PKs, safety, and efficacy assessment, and provides a focused discussion and regulatory perspectives on the liver-, intestine-, kidney-, and neuron-based 3D cellular models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.