ArticleMovement disorders clinical practice2021
The Effect of Education on Symptom Onset and Severity of Huntington's Disease.
Article in Movement disorders clinical practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Higher educational attainment in Huntington disease families: evidence from the Enroll-HD study.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- Interplay Between Sex and Cytosine-Adenine-Guanine-Age Product Score in Huntington's Disease: Clinical and Neuroimaging Perspectives.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Disparities in Huntington's disease care and research.Current opinion in neurology · 2025Review
- Education Level and Huntington's Disease Progression: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis in Western China.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Article
- Cognitive engagement may slow clinical progression and brain atrophy in Huntington's disease.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Racial Disparities in Time to Huntington Disease Diagnosis in North America: An ENROLL-HD Analysis.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2024Article
- Modifiable factors associated with Huntington's disease progression in presymptomatic participants.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Observational
- Disparities in Huntington Disease Severity: Analysis Using the ENROLL-HD Dataset.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2023Article
- Beyond the CAG triplet number: exploring potential predictors of delayed age of onset in Huntington's disease.Journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Cognitive Reserve in Early Manifest Huntington Disease Patients: Leisure Time Is Associated with Lower Cognitive and Functional Impairment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Little is known about the effects of environmental factors on HD symptom onset and severity.
objectiveTo evaluate the relationship between education level and age of diagnosis, symptom onset, and symptom severity in HD.
methodsThis study evaluated 4537 adult-onset, motor-manifest HD participants from the Enroll-HD global registry. Education level was assessed using International Standard Classification of Education categories, stratified into three education groups corresponding to pre-secondary, secondary, and post-secondary educational attainment. Motor and behavioral symptoms of HD, cognition, and functional capacity were measured using baseline Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), verbal fluency, and Stroop assessments.
resultsAfter adjusting for CAG repeats, higher level of education predicted lower age of onset of motor symptoms, depression, irritability, and cognitive impairment (all
conclusionsHD participants with higher education levels have earlier age of diagnosis and age of symptom onset, but lower motor exam scores and higher functional assessment scores. Earlier recognition of symptoms in more highly educated participants may explain earlier symptom onset and diagnosis. Better performance on motor and functional assessments may be explained by higher cognitive reserve in those with greater education.
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