ArticleScientific reports2021
Diagnostic biomarkers in tear fluid: from sampling to preanalytical processing.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07690397 (GLAUCO-TECH Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
GLAUCO-TECH Study: Safety & Efficacy of Preservative-free vs. Preserved Dorzolamide-Timolol-Brimonidine. Impact on the Ocular Surface, Glaucoma Progression, Tear Proteomics, and AI/Chatbot-led Patient Follow-up.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Ocular Surface Disorders.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Pooled it
- Nanomaterial-Enabled Fiber-Optic SPR Biosensor for Continuous and Noninvasive Body Fluid Monitoring:Progress and Prospects.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Multi-Mode Integrated Bioinspired Electronic Tongue for Point-of-Care Tear Diagnosis.Biosensors · 2026Article
- Investigation Into the Collection and Isolation Workflows of Extracellular Vesicles From Tears.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Association of tear fluid glutathione synthetase and glutathione levels with amyloid positivity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- AI-driven biomarker learning for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: ABLEDx.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of SA001 in Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tear fluid proteomics: a comparative study of DIA and DDA mass spectrometry.Journal of mass spectrometry and advances in the clinical lab · 2025Article
- A Review of Graphene-Integrated Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biochemical Monitoring in Health Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- State-of-the-art wearable sensors for cardiovascular health: a review.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2025Review
- Current advances in multi-strategy collaborative sensitization for self-powered electrochemical biosensors and their applications in disease biomarker detection.Mikrochimica acta · 2025Review
- Reference genes validation in tear fluid for RNA analysis in ocular surface disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tear fluid derived extracellular vesicles for new biomarker discovery.The ocular surface · 2025Review
- The ocular surface tear film as a biomarker for systemic health.The ocular surface · 2025Review
- Liquid Biopsy Combined with Multi-Omics Approaches in Diagnosis, Management, and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Article
- Dried Spot Paradigm: Problems and Prospects in Proteomics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Absorption of Toxicants from the Ocular Surface: Potential Applications in Toxicology.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Proinflammatory Tear Cytokines in Human Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis and Clinical Eye Severity.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Tear and blood salusin-α, and -β, copeptin, and asprosin in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tear fluid is receiving growing attention as a source for novel diagnostic biomarkers. Multiple techniques are available for its collection and impact the composition of acquired samples. We sought to provide a direct comparison of two collection methods with regard to implementation, acceptance, and impact on sample composition. Tear fluid was collected from fifteen healthy volunteers with capillary tubes and Schirmer strips and analyzed for total protein and IgG concentrations. Sampling parameters and perception by test persons were compared. The use of capillary tubes was more convenient for the participants while causing more effort for the collector. Tear flow rates as well as the relative and absolute amount of IgG were higher when Schirmer strips were used. Consecutive collections with Schirmer strips significantly influenced tear flow rates, IgG, and protein concentrations. A moderate correlation was observed between tear flow rates and IgG concentrations for both methods. Samples collected with both methods can be analyzed by isoelectric focusing, a potential diagnostic application in the field of neurology. The specific advantages and limitations of tear fluid sampling with either capillary tubes or Schirmer strips demonstrate the need for a thorough investigation of collection methods with regard to the application of interest.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.