ArticleCentral European journal of urology2021
Variations in the mineral content of bottled 'carbonated or sparkling' water across Europe: a comparison of 126 brands across 10 countries.
Article in Central European journal of urology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Hydration Meets Regulation: Insights into Bicarbonate Mineral Water and Acid-Base Balance.Nutrients · 2025Review
- What kind of water should I advise my kidney stone patient to drink: the Dutch experience.Central European journal of urology · 2024Article
- Hydration for Adult Patients with Nephrolithiasis: Specificities and Current Recommendations.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Longitudinal trend of urolithiasis incidence rates among world countries during past decades.BMC urology · 2023Article
- Diet and Stone Disease in 2022.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Sodium and Potassium Content of Foods Consumed in an Italian Population and the Impact of Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet on Their Intake.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Global Variations in the Mineral Content of Bottled Still and Sparkling Water and a Description of the Possible Impact on Nephrological and Urological Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Nutrition and Kidney Stone Disease.Nutrients · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 10 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionKidney stone disease is a common disease with high recurrence rates. Sufficient intake of water is the cornerstone in primary prevention of stone disease. However, the mineral composition of water can affect urinary minerals and influence stone formation. The aim of this study is to assess the variation in the mineral composition of bottled sparkling or carbonated drinking water across Europe. MATERIAL AND
methodsThe two largest supermarket chains in each participating country were visited to obtain data on mineral composition regarding bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulphates of sparkling or carbonated waters by reading the ingredient labels on the bottles supplied by the manufacturers. Alternatively, the web-shops of these supermarkets were consulted.
resultsIn total, 126 sparkling water brands across ten European countries were analysed regarding mineral composition. The median concentrations per mineral varied greatly. The greatest variation in median mineral content was found for sodium and sulphates with levels ranging from 3.1 mg/l to 63.0 mg/l and 6.0 mg/l to 263.0 mg/l respectively. A wide distribution of calcium content was found in Switzerland, with calcium levels reaching up to 581.6 mg/l.
conclusionsThis study confirms that the mineral composition of sparkling or carbonated water varies greatly across Europe. Patients with kidney stone disease should be aware that the mineral content of water may influence stone formation and be mindful of the great variation that exists between different water brands. Mineral water can be a source of potential promotors or inhibitors of stone formation and patients and urologists need to be mindful of this.
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