ArticleNature communications2021
Targeting Treg cells with GITR activation alleviates resistance to immunotherapy in murine glioblastomas.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 194 citations in OpenAlex.
- T cell immunity in glioma and potential implications for immunotherapy: A systematic review.Neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- First-in-Human Phase I/II Study of INCAGN01876, a Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Agonist, in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Trial
- Baseline Treg frequency, Treg-associated immune checkpoint responses, and plasma IL-10 responses during controlled human malaria infection in semi-immune Kenyan adults: a secondary analysis of the CHMI-SIKA Study.The Lancet. Microbe · 2026Article
- Fatty Acid Metabolism Rewires Glioblastoma Progression and Treg-Mediated Immune Resistance.Cancers · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in cancer and inflammation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- The microenvironment of glioblastoma: in pursuit of universal multimodal immunotherapy.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- Agonistic GITR treatment enhances antitumor immune responses and suppresses tumor progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Integrated single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveals novel biomarkers of invasive adenocarcinoma subtypes in lung adenocarcinoma.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Oncolytic virus M1 reinvigorates CD8Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- GITR activation potentiates anti-tumor immunity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expanded from glioblastoma by rescuing exhaustion.Oncogene · 2026Article
- Targeting immunosuppressive network in glioblastoma: Emerging strategies to overcome immunodeficiency and enhance therapeutic efficacy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- The promise of immunotherapy for central nervous system tumours.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic interventions shaping glioblastoma immunity.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- OX40 signaling in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms of action, translational applications, and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting regulatory T cells in glioblastoma: from mechanistic insights to novel immunotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting intratumoral regulatory T cells by CD137 aptamer-shRNA chimeras.Immunotherapy advances · 2026Article
- Targeting the chemokine-Treg axes in tumor immune evasion: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Meningeal immunity and "Interstitial" therapy: a new paradigm for immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have failed in all phase III glioblastoma (GBM) trials. Here, we show that regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in GBM resistance to ICBs in experimental gliomas. Targeting glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related receptor (GITR) in Treg cells using an agonistic antibody (αGITR) promotes CD4 Treg cell differentiation into CD4 effector T cells, alleviates Treg cell-mediated suppression of anti-tumor immune response, and induces potent anti-tumor effector cells in GBM. The reprogrammed GBM-infiltrating Treg cells express genes associated with a Th1 response signature, produce IFNγ, and acquire cytotoxic activity against GBM tumor cells while losing their suppressive function. αGITR and αPD1 antibodies increase survival benefit in three experimental GBM models, with a fraction of cohorts exhibiting complete tumor eradication and immune memory upon tumor re-challenge. Moreover, αGITR and αPD1 synergize with the standard of care treatment for newly-diagnosed GBM, enhancing the cure rates in these GBM models.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.