ReviewClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2021
How to interpret and use COVID-19 serology and immunology tests.
Review in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of poor serologic response to COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 2022Pooled it
- Update of Guidelines for Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Korea.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2022Guideline
- Saliva is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detection after vaccination: A rapid systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Differential Binding and Neutralising Antibody Responses Across COVID-19 Severity in a Saudi Multicentre Cohort.Viruses · 2026Article
- Proteomic and metabolomic profiling of plasma reveals physiologic changes in patients with convalescent COVID-19.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- Article
- Predicting SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Culturally targeted messaging and racial equity in SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing by multiplex salivary measurement: Protocol overview of a SeroNet investigation.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Identification of dominant peptide epitopes and antibody response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- COVID-19 and Oncofertility: No SARS-CoV-2 in Semen but Inflammation Seems to Affect Sperm Parameters.Journal of medical virology · 2024Article
- Comprehensive Study of the IBMP ELISA IgA/IgM/IgG COVID-19 Kit for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Microfluidic Immunoarray for Point-of-Care Detection of Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients.ACS omega · 2024Article
- A Paper-Based Multiplexed Serological Test to Monitor Immunity against SARS-COV-2 Using Machine Learning.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Evaluation of oral health status and immunological parameters of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during acute and recovery phases: A randomized clinical trial.Journal of dental sciences · 2024Article
- From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2024Review
- The Development of Aptamer-Based Gold Nanoparticle Lateral Flow Test Strips for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 S Proteins on the Surface of Cold-Chain Food Packaging.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Pathogen Discovery in the Post-COVID Era.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Evaluating long-term antibody responses to booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines in the Pakistani population.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough molecular tests are considered the reference standard for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnostics, serological and immunological tests may be useful in specific settings.
objectivesThis review summarizes the underlying principles and performance of COVID-19 serological and immunological testing. SOURCES: Selected peer-reviewed publications on COVID-19 related serology and immunology published between December 2019 and March 2021. CONTENT: Serological tests are highly specific but heterogeneous in their sensitivity for the diagnosis of COVID-19. For certain indications, including delayed disease presentations, serological tests can have added value. The presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may indicate a recent or past COVID-19 infection. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) antibody tests have the advantages of being easy and fast to perform, but many have a low sensitivity in acute settings. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs) have higher sensitivities. Besides humoral immunity, cellular immunity is also essential for successful host defences against viruses. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays can be used to measure T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2. The presence of cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in never exposed patients suggests the possibility of cellular immunity induced by other circulating coronaviruses. T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 have also been detected in recovered COVID-19 patients with no detectable antibodies. IMPLICATIONS: Serological and immunological tests are primarily applied for population-based seroprevalence studies to evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 control measures and increase our understanding of the immunology behind COVID-19. Combining molecular diagnostics with serological tests may optimize the detection of COVID-19. As not all infected patients will develop antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, assessment of cellular immunity may provide complementary information on whether a patient has been previously infected with COVID-19. More studies are needed to understand the correlations of these serological and immunological parameters with protective immunity, taking into account the different circulating virus variants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.