Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33972678›Full record

ArticleCommunications biology2021

Mechanistic insights into synergy between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli.

Amit Gaurav, Varsha Gupta, Sandeep K Shrivastava, Ranjana Pathania

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Communications biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 21% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  3. Investigation of antimicrobial synergism of actinomycin derivatives fromTurkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi · 2026
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  6. Rational Design of Natural Xanthones Against Gram-negative Bacteria.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
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  10. Ribosome-targeting antibiotics and resistanceRSC medicinal chemistry · 2023
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Amit GauravDepartment of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
Varsha GuptaDepartment of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital Chandigarh, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.
Sandeep K ShrivastavaCentre for Innovation, Research and Development, Dr. B. Lal Clinical Laboratory Pvt Ltd, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Ranjana PathaniaDepartment of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. ranjana.pathania@bt.iitr.ac.in.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7965-8176
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee · INGovernment Medical College and Hospital · IN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has become a global health problem. Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen due to its capacity to persist in the hospital environment. It has a high mortality rate and few treatment options. Antibiotic combinations can help to fight multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, but they are rarely used in the clinics and mostly unexplored. The interaction between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics are mostly reported as antagonism based on the results obtained in the susceptible model laboratory strain Escherichia coli. However, in the present study, we report a synergistic interaction between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical multi-drug resistant A. baumannii and E. coli. Here we provide mechanistic insight into this dichotomy. The synergistic combination was studied by checkerboard assay and time-kill curve analysis. We also elucidate the mechanism behind this synergy using several techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, morphometric analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline combination displayed synergy against most of the MDR clinical isolates of A. baumannii and E. coli but not against susceptible isolates. Finally, we demonstrate that this combination is also effective in vivo in an A. baumannii/Caenorhabditis elegans infection model (p < 0.001).

Indexed as

Drug SynergismAcinetobacter baumanniiAcinetobacter InfectionsAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsCaenorhabditis elegansEscherichia coliEscherichia coli InfectionsHumansMicrobial Sensitivity TestsNalidixic AcidTetracyclinesAnti-Bacterial AgentsNalidixic AcidTetracyclines

Identifiers

PMID33972678
PMCPMC8110569
OpenAlexW3162734129

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.