ReviewMolecules and cells2021
Distinct Features of Brain-Resident Macrophages: Microglia and Non-Parenchymal Brain Macrophages.
Review in Molecules and cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral IL-17 Triggers, and anti-IL-17 Treatment Prevents, Neuroinflammation and Alterations in Neurotransmission in Hippocampus and Cognitive Impairment in Hyperammonemic Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Vespakinin-M delineates an AMPK/mTOR-arginine-TCA cycle axis to act as an immunometabolic switch in post-stroke microglia.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of acute THC challenge on behavior and neuroinflammation in HIV-1 Tg26 mice vary based on HIV status, chronic THC history, and sex.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Single-nucleus brain transcriptomics reveals microglia dysfunction in multiple system atrophy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Some Basics on Innate Neuroimmunology for Nonspecialists.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- HMC3 revealed: how much do these "Microglia" really tell us?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microglia limit brain tumor development by restricting tumor cell proliferation and inducing T-cell immunity.Molecular oncology · 2025Article
- Data-Driven Cluster Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome and Associations with Clinical Phenotypes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- Novel In Vitro Culture of Microglia from Aged Mice: Implications for the Future of Aging Neurobiology Research.Current protocols · 2025Article
- Review
- The Rise of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Glia Models of Neuroinflammation.Neurology international · 2025Review
- A transient blood IL-17 increase triggers neuroinflammation in cerebellum and motor incoordination in hyperammonemic rats.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Microglia-derived ADAM9 promote GHRH neurons pyroptosis by Mad2L2-JNK-caspase-1 pathway in subarachnoid hemorrhage.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Review
- Brain delivery of fibronectin through bioactive phosphorous dendrimers for Parkinson's disease treatment via cooperative modulation of microglia.Bioactive materials · 2024Article
- Chronic SIV-Induced neuroinflammation disrupts CCR7+ CD4+ T cell immunosurveillance in the rhesus macaque brain.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Translational profiling identifies sex-specific metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of cortical microglia/macrophages in APPPS1-21 mice with an antibiotic-perturbed-microbiome.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2023Article
- Macrophages Keep Your Gut Moving.Molecules and cells · 2023Article
- Dissecting the human leptomeninges at single-cell resolution.Nature communications · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. Brain-resident macrophages can be classified into microglia in the brain parenchyma and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, also known as central nervous system-associated or border-associated macrophages, in the brain-circulation interface. Microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, including meningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages, are mostly produced during embryonic development, and maintained their population by self-renewal. Microglia have gained much attention for their dual roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the induction of neuroinflammation. In particular, diverse phenotypes of microglia have been increasingly identified under pathological conditions. Single-cell phenotypic analysis revealed that microglia are highly heterogenous and plastic, thus it is difficult to define the status of microglia as M1/M2 or resting/activated state due to complex nature of microglia. Meanwhile, physiological function of non-parenchymal brain macrophages remain to be fully demonstrated. In this review, we have summarized the origin and signatures of brain-resident macrophages and discussed the unique features of microglia, particularly, their phenotypic polarization, diversity of subtypes, and inflammasome responses related to neurodegenerative diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.