ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Death rates at specific life stages mold the sex gap in life expectancy.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex differences in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal ecological analysis of 34 high-income countries.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Causes of death contributions to the sex gaps in life expectancy: evidence by education levels from Australia.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Female Reproductive Cancers and the Sex Gap in Survival.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Energy Adequacy of Planned Diets in Institutionalized Older Adults: A Scenario Analysis Based on Requirements from Indirect Calorimetry.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Incidence and prevalence of orphanhood in Rakai, Uganda: a population-based cohort study, 1995-2022.The Lancet. Global health · 2026Article
- Death Rates of Elite and Professional American Athletes During Early Adulthood are Lower than the General Population.American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2026Article
- Differences between male and female mortality in Colombia: a population-based analysis since 1980.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Societal restraint of behavior during the pre-vaccine pandemic saved working-age men but not women.Science advances · 2025Article
- The Gender Gap in Life Expectancy in the United States and Deaths of Despair: Trends from 1979 to 2022.Population and development review · 2025Article
- Parental Death and Premature Mortality in Individuals with Out-of-Home Care Experience in Sweden: A Nationwide Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Effect of Sex on Mortality Risks in Medieval Ireland.American journal of biological anthropology · 2025Article
- Burden of type 2 diabetes due to high body mass index in different SDI regions and projections of future trends: insights from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Global regional and national burden of cataract attributable to high body mass index from 1990 to 2019.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Sex differences in health burdens across the lifespan in wild chimpanzees (Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2025Article
- Global patterns of change in the burden of malnutrition in older adults from 1990 to 2021 and the forecast for the next 25 years.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Global burden of colorectal cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2040.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Beyond prescriptions: chronic medication adherence predicts mortality risk in a large-scale cohort study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Disease burden and health inequality of older adults with edentulism and the projected trend until 2040: based on the global burden of disease study 2021.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- Searching for Beauty and Health: Aging in Women, Nutrition, and the Secret in Telomeres.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Trends in Life Expectancy in Residential Long-Term Care by Sociodemographic Position in 1999-2018: A Multistate Life Table Study of Finnish Older Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Why do women live longer than men? Here, we mine rich lodes of demographic data to reveal that lower female mortality at particular ages is decisive-and that the important ages changed around 1950. Earlier, excess mortality among baby boys was crucial; afterward, the gap largely resulted from elevated mortality among men 60+. Young males bear modest responsibility for the sex gap in life expectancy: Depending on the country and time, their mortality accounts for less than a quarter and often less than a 10th of the gap. Understanding the impact on life expectancy of differences between male and female risks of death by age, over time, and across populations yields insights for research on how the lives of men and women differ.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.