ArticleeLife2021
Recovery of consciousness and cognition after general anesthesia in humans.
Article in eLife, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Reconstructing Consciousness and Cognition
Effects of Non-pharmacological Auditory and Somatosensory Stimulation on the Efficiency and Quality of Emergence From General Anesthesia
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of General Anesthesia vs. Regional Anesthesia on Postoperative Delirium-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Early Cognitive Function after Deep Sedation Using Different Anesthetic Agents in Pediatric Patients: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Trial
- Comparison of the recovery time of remimazolam besylate and propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy sedation in elderly patients.International journal of medical sciences · 2024Trial
- Breathe-squeeze: pharmacodynamics of a stimulus-free behavioural paradigm to track conscious states during sedationBritish journal of anaesthesia · 2023Trial
- Clinical Observation of General Anesthesia Combined with Spinal Anesthesia in Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.BioMed research international · 2022Trial
- Study on EEG neural oscillation characteristics during ciprofol general anesthesia.Journal of anesthesia · 2026Observational
- Anesthesia unconsciousness recruits dynamic parabrachial activity within a distributed brain-wide ensemble.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Integrating multidimensional nociceptive-related cortical features for unsupervised assessment of anesthesia states in rats.iScience · 2026Article
- Early reactivation of medial temporal lobe neurons during emergence from propofol anesthesia in neurosurgical patients.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Subcortical recruitment dissociates isoflurane emergence from distinct wakeful states in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Wakefulness regulation of memory encoding and retrieval: structure and activity.National science review · 2026Review
- Article
- An open fMRI resource for studying human brain function and covert consciousness under anesthesia.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Windows to Consciousness: The Role of Fronto-Parietal Connectivity in Anesthesia-Induced Unconsciousness.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Anesthesi̇a students' behavi̇ors towards a medi̇cal errors: a phenomenologi̇cal quali̇tati̇ve scenari̇o study.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Article
- Review
- Convergent Control of NREM Sleep and Anesthesia by Prefrontal Layer 5 Extratelencephalic Neurons.Research square · 2025Article
- Subthalamic beta peak power ratio as an electrophysiological marker for deep brain stimulation contact selection in Parkinson's disease.Neurological research and practice · 2025Article
- Reanimation of rodents: an animal model for cognitive recovery from anaesthesia.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- Drug-specific recovery of long-term memory and visual discrimination after anaesthetic-induced unconsciousness in rats.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding how the brain recovers from unconsciousness can inform neurobiological theories of consciousness and guide clinical investigation. To address this question, we conducted a multicenter study of 60 healthy humans, half of whom received general anesthesia for 3 hr and half of whom served as awake controls. We administered a battery of neurocognitive tests and recorded electroencephalography to assess cortical dynamics. We hypothesized that recovery of consciousness and cognition is an extended process, with differential recovery of cognitive functions that would commence with return of responsiveness and end with return of executive function, mediated by prefrontal cortex. We found that, just prior to the recovery of consciousness, frontal-parietal dynamics returned to baseline. Consistent with our hypothesis, cognitive reconstitution after anesthesia evolved over time. Contrary to our hypothesis, executive function returned first. Early engagement of prefrontal cortex in recovery of consciousness and cognition is consistent with global neuronal workspace theory.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.