Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33969435›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of clinical pharmacology2021

Association between the use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of cholecystectomy in women of reproductive age.

Farzin Khosrow-Khavar, Mohit Sodhi, Saeed Ganjizadeh-Zavareh, Mahyar Etminan

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In one paragraph

Article in European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
0.4field-weighted citation impact, top 36% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Farzin Khosrow-KhavarDepartment of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3636-8918
Mohit SodhiDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Eye Care Center, University of British Columbia, Room 323-2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 3N9, Canada.
Saeed Ganjizadeh-ZavarehDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Mahyar EtminanDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Eye Care Center, University of British Columbia, Room 323-2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 3N9, Canada. etminanm@mail.ubc.ca.
University of British Columbia · CAMcGill University · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposePrevious studies have indicated an increased risk of gallbladder disease with hormonal contraceptives although with discordant results. The potential increased risk of gallbladder disease with hormonal contraceptives is concerning given that women are at increased risk of this disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine risk of surgery-confirmed gallbladder disease (cholecystectomy) with oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, and injectable hormonal contraceptives.

methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study. Females aged 15-45 who initiated hormonal contraceptive use were identified in the United States IQVIA Ambulatory electronic medical record database between 2008 and 2018. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazards ratios and 95% confidence intervals for cholecystectomy with eight formulations of contraceptives compared with levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol combined oral contraceptive. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by lagging exposure by 90 days and by excluding patients with history of gallbladder disease. Secondary analyses were conducted by cumulative duration of use.

resultsWe identified 1,425,821 females who initiated the use of hormonal contraceptives and generated 4417 cholecystectomy events. Overall, the use of medroxyprogesterone acetate (HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07-1.40) and at least 1 year of levonorgestrel intrauterine device use (HR: 1.74: 95% CI: 1.19-2.54) were associated with increased risk of cholecystectomy when compared with levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol combined oral contraceptive. However, we did not observe an increased risk with other hormonal contraceptives. Consistent results were observed across sensitivity analyses.

conclusionIn this large population-based study, there was an increased risk of cholecystectomy with medroxyprogesterone acetate and intrauterine device but not other hormonal contraceptives. Additional large observational studies are required to corroborate these findings.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAge FactorsBody Mass IndexCholecystectomyComorbidityContraceptive Agents, HormonalContraceptives, Oral, CombinedEthinyl EstradiolFemaleHumansIntrauterine Devices, MedicatedLevonorgestrelLong-Acting Reversible ContraceptionMedroxyprogesterone AcetateMiddle AgedContraceptive Agents, HormonalContraceptives, Oral, CombinedEthinyl EstradiolLevonorgestrelMedroxyprogesterone AcetateGallbladder diseaseHormonal contraceptivesWomen’s health

Identifiers

PMID33969435
OpenAlexW3161195859

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.