ArticleCell reports. Medicine2021
Longitudinal analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in convalescent individuals up to 8 months post-symptom onset.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers.
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Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 189 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of inactive vaccines as booster doses for COVID-19 in Türkiye: A randomized trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Results of the CAPSID randomized trial for high-dose convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Trial
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Trial
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- Coordinated immune response distinguishes duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral particle shedding in humans.iScience · 2026Article
- Determinants of natural killer cell-mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Long-term humoral and cellular immune responses following Covaxin vaccination: a 2-year prospective longitudinal study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Fc effector functions in RNA viral infections: mechanisms of antiviral immunity and implications for vaccine design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Non-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein mediate variant transcendent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
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- Multi-layered deep immune profiling, SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and inflammation in unvaccinated COVID-19 individuals with persistent symptoms.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of Vaccine-Elicited Anti-Spike IgG4 Antibodies on Fc-Effector Functions Against SARS-CoV-2.Viruses · 2025Article
- Longitudinal humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike following infection in individuals from Cameroon.Virology · 2025Article
- A longitudinal assessment of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the New Mexican population.PloS one · 2025Article
- PET Foils Functionalized with Reactive Copolymers as Adaptable Microvolume ELISA Spot Array Platforms for Multiplex Serological Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Delineating the functional activity of antibodies with cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and related sarbecoviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Characterization of the Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in COVID-19 Transplant versus Nontransplant Recipients by Ig-MS.Journal of proteome research · 2024Article
- Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
With the recent approval of highly effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, functional and lasting immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently under investigation as antibody levels in plasma were shown to decline during convalescence. Since the absence of antibodies does not equate to absence of immune memory, we evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells in convalescent individuals. Here, we report a longitudinal assessment of humoral immune responses on 32 donors up to 8 months post-symptom onset. Our observations indicate that anti-Spike and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin M (IgM) in plasma decay rapidly, whereas the reduction of IgG is less prominent. Neutralizing activity also declines rapidly when compared to Fc-effector functions. Concomitantly, the frequencies of RBD-specific IgM+ B cells wane significantly when compared to RBD-specific IgG+ B cells, which remain stable. Our results add to the current understanding of immune memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical for secondary infection prevention and vaccine efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.