ArticleCell reports. Medicine2021
Divergent and self-reactive immune responses in the CNS of COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms.
Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
126citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
18.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in COVID-19: a review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Modulating subjective and objective cognitive state fatigue in long COVID with repetitive anodal tDCS: results from a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.BMC neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Central nervous system B cell multiomics reveals a legacy of immune dysregulation in long-term treated HIV infection.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Reduced Hospital Incidence of Autoimmune Encephalitis During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Proteomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Severe COVID-19 Patients Reveals Prognostic Biomarkers Associated with Disease Outcome.Proteomics. Clinical applications · 2026Article
- Interferon-λ-neutralizing autoantibodies and common autoimmune disease autoantibodies in pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Prioritizing long COVID related single nucleotide polymorphisms by mining genome-wide association studies of COVID-19 susceptibility and hospitalization.Frontiers in systems biology · 2026Article
- Trichotillomania in long COVID successfully treated with escitalopram: A case report.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- Elevated neuroinflammation, autoimmunity, and altered IgG glycosylation profile in the cerebral spinal fluid of severe COVID-19 patients.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- The role of the P2X7 receptor in inactivated SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury.Purinergic signalling · 2025Article
- Review
- The age-dependent neuroglial interaction with peripheral immune cells in coronavirus-induced neuroinflammation with a special emphasis on COVID-19.Biogerontology · 2025Review
- Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Approaches.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cerebromicrovascular mechanisms contributing to long COVID: implications for neurocognitive health.GeroScience · 2025Review
- A Disease Hidden in Plain Sight: Pathways and Mechanisms of Neurological Complications of Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (NC-PASC).Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Neuroimmunologic Complications.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Animal models of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a call for longitudinal animal studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Acute and long-term effects of COVID-19 on brain and mental health: A narrative review.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Review
- Single-cell transcriptomics for immune profiling of cerebrospinal fluid in neurological diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
46 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Eric SongDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Christopher M BartleyHanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
Ryan D ChowDepartment of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Thomas T NgoWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ruoyi JiangDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Colin R ZamecnikWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ravi DandekarWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Rita P LoudermilkWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Yile DaiDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Feimei LiuDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Sara SunshineDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Jamin LiuDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Wesley WuChan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Isobel A HawesWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Bonny D AlvarengaWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Trung HuynhWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Lindsay McAlpineDepartment of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Nur-Taz RahmanDepartment of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Bertie GengDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Jennifer ChiarellaDepartment of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Benjamin Goldman-IsraelowDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Chantal B F VogelsDepartment of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Nathan D GrubaughDepartment of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Arnau Casanovas-MassanaDepartment of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Brett S PhinneyProteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Michelle SalemiProteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Jessa R AlexanderWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Juan A GallegoInstitute for Behavioral Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
Todd LenczInstitute for Behavioral Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
Hannah WalshDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Anne E WapniarskiWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Subhasis MohantyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Carolina LucasDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Jon KleinDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Tianyang MaoDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Jieun OhDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Aaron RingDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Serena SpudichDepartment of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Albert I KoDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Steven H KleinsteinDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
John PakChan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Joseph L DeRisiDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Akiko IwasakiDepartment of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Samuel J PleasureWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Michael R WilsonWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Shelli F FarhadianDepartment of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Yale University · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USChan Zuckerberg Initiative (United States) · USFeinstein Institute for Medical Research · USHoward Hughes Medical Institute · USUniversity of California, Davis · USWhitney Museum of American Art · US
Funding
Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9MSystems investigation of vaccine responses in B cell depleted autoimmune patientsU19AI089992 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI David A. Hafler, RUTH R MONTGOMERY · 2010 to 2026
$50.4MMedical Scientist Training ProgramT32GM136651 · NIGMS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI BARBARA I KAZMIERCZAK · 2020 to 2026
$16.5MMicrobial Pathogenesis and Host DefenseT32AI060537 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Joanne N. Engel · 2004 to 2026
$6.5MTRAINING IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASEST32AI007517 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI Jaimie Meyer, Albert C Shaw · 1997 to 2026
$6.1MAutoimmune Encephalitis - Ataxia and Psychiatric Disease: Identifying and Characterizing Novel Antibody TargetsR01MH122471 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI JOSEPH L. DERISI, SAMUEL JEREMY PLEASURE · 2020 to 2026
$4.7MViral and immune-mediated CNS pathology during SARS-CoV-2 infectionR01AI157488 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI FARHADIAN, SHELLI, IWASAKI, AKIKO · 2020 to 2024
$4.7MCOMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT IMMUNOGLOBULIN SEQUENCING EXPERIMENTSR01AI104739 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI KLEINSTEIN, STEVEN H. · 2014 to 2022
$3.6MNeuroCovid Autoantibodies: Establishing a research pipelineR01NS118995 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI PLEASURE, SAMUEL JEREMY · 2020 to 2024
$2.3MNext-Generation Diagnostics for Acute EncephalitisK08NS096117 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI WILSON, MICHAEL R · 2017 to 2021
$999kUnderstanding the cellular basis for persistent immune activation in the central nervous system during virologically suppressed HIVK23MH118999 · NIMH · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI FARHADIAN, SHELLI · 2018 to 2021
$770kPhinney - Orbitrap Fusion ETDS10OD021801 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI PHINNEY, BRETT S · 2016 to 2016
$600kNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NCI NIH HHS F30 CA239444NCI NIH HHS F30 CA250249NIAID NIH HHS F31 AI150007NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI104739NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI157488NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007517NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI060537NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI089992NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM136651NIH HHS S10 OD021801NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH118999NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH122471NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH118109NINDS NIH HHS K08 NS096117NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS118995
Abstract
Individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently develop neurological symptoms, but the biological underpinnings of these phenomena are unknown. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and cytokine analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood from individuals with COVID-19 with neurological symptoms, we find compartmentalized, CNS-specific T cell activation and B cell responses. All affected individuals had CSF anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies whose target epitopes diverged from serum antibodies. In an animal model, we find that intrathecal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are present only during brain infection and not elicited by pulmonary infection. We produced CSF-derived monoclonal antibodies from an individual with COVID-19 and found that these monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target antiviral and antineural antigens, including one mAb that reacted to spike protein and neural tissue. CSF immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 5 of 7 patients showed antineural reactivity. This immune survey reveals evidence of a compartmentalized immune response in the CNS of individuals with COVID-19 and suggests a role of autoimmunity in neurologic sequelae of COVID-19.
Indexed as
autoimmunitycerebrospinal fluidCOVID-19neurological infectionSARS-CoV-2
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.