ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin open2021
Glutathione Levels and Glutathione-Glutamate Correlation in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relevance of diet in schizophrenia: a review focusing on prenatal nutritional deficiency, obesity, oxidative stress and inflammation.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Aging in Schizophrenia: Perspectives on Molecular Mechanisms and a Mini-review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Review
- Association of GRM7 Polymorphisms with Bilateral Auditory Regions Glutamate and Coupling with Glutathione in ARHL Patients.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Central glutathione mitigates obesity-induced social phobia: evidence from human and animal studies.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Altered serum glutathione disulfide levels in acute relapsed schizophrenia are associated with clinical symptoms and response to electroconvulsive therapy.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Effects of Acute Stress on Metabolic Interactions Related to the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle in the Left Hippocampus of Mice.Metabolites · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the Glymphatic System in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measurement of Brain Macromolecule and Diffusion Tensor Image Analysis Along the Perivascular Space Index.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies of Brain Energy Metabolism in Schizophrenia: Progression from Prodrome to Chronic Psychosis.Current psychiatry reports · 2023Review
- A systematic review of neuroimaging studies of clozapine-resistant schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Redox and Immune Signaling in Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Potential.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Review
- Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Oxidative Stress and Emergence of Psychosis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Central Oxidative Stress and Early Vocational Outcomes in First Episode Psychosis: A 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Glutathione.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2022Article
- Is There a Glutathione Centered Redox Dysregulation Subtype of Schizophrenia?Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Schizophrenia Increases Variability of the Central Antioxidant System: A Meta-Analysis of Variance From MRS Studies of Glutathione.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) has been suggested to involve glutamatergic dysfunction. Glutathione (GSH), a dominant antioxidant, is known to be involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. To date, no study has examined GSH levels in patients with TRS. The aim of this study was to examine GSH levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) of patients with TRS. Patients with schizophrenia were categorized into 3 groups with respect to their antipsychotic response: (1) clozapine (CLZ) nonresponders, (2) CLZ responders, and (3) first-line responders (FLR). GSH and glutamine + glutamate (Glx) levels were measured using 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Firstly, dACC GSH levels were compared among the patient groups and healthy controls (HCs). Further, relationships between GSH and Glx levels were compared between the groups and GSH levels were explored stratifying the patient groups based on the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit polymorphism. There was no difference in GSH levels between the groups. FLR showed a more negative relationship between GSH and Glx levels in the dACC compared to HCs. There were no effects of GCLC genotype on the GSH levels. However, CLZ responders had a higher ratio of high-risk GCLC genotype compared to CLZ nonresponders. This study demonstrated different relationships between GSH and Glx in the dACC between groups. In addition, the results suggest a potential link between CLZ response and GCLC genotype. However, it still remains unclear how these differences are related to the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia subtypes or the mechanisms of action of CLZ.
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