ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
CD2 Is a Novel Immune-Related Prognostic Biomarker of Invasive Breast Carcinoma That Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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33 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploration of CD2 and CD3D as potential immune-related biomarkers for IORT in breast cancer treatment.Medicine · 2026Article
- TransST: transfer learning embedded spatial factor modeling of spatial transcriptomics data.BMC bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1: A prognostic biomarker in testicular germ cell tumors.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Non-invasive prediction of DCE-MRI radiomics model on CCR5 in breast cancer based on a machine learning algorithm.Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers · 2025Article
- Deep learning-based multi-task prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using multiscale whole slide images in breast cancer: A multicenter study.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2025Article
- A high stroma-tumor ratio is associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and a poor prognosis in bladder cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Predicting survival in bladder cancer with a novel apoptotic gene-related prognostic model.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- A spatiotemporal comparative analysis on tumor immune microenvironment characteristics between neoadjuvant chemotherapy and preoperative immunotherapy for ESCC.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- Apolipoprotein A-1 downregulation promotes basal-like breast cancer cell proliferation and migration associated with DNA methylation.Oncology letters · 2024Article
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- The endonuclease FEN1 mediates activation of STAT3 and facilitates proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2024Article
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- Identification of INSRR as an immune-related gene in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Article
- Systematic pan-cancer analysis of the potential tumor diagnosis and prognosis biomarker P4HA3.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- Integrated transcriptome analysis identifies APPL1/RPS6KB2/GALK1 as immune-related metastasis factors in breast cancer.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2023Article
- C1QA, C1QB, and GZMB are novel prognostic biomarkers of skin cutaneous melanoma relating tumor microenvironment.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- [CD40LG is a novel immune- and stroma-related prognostic biomarker in the tumor microenvironment of invasive breast cancer].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2022Article
- A Naive Bayes model on lung adenocarcinoma projection based on tumor microenvironment and weighted gene co-expression network analysis.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2022Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Female breast cancer (BCa) is the most commonly occurring cancer worldwide. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in tumor invasion, angiogenesis, unlimited proliferation, and even immune escape, but we know little about the TME of BCa. In this study, we aimed to find a TME-related biomarker for BCa, especially for invasive breast carcinoma (BRCA), that could predict prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy. Based on RNA-seq transcriptome data and the clinical characteristics of 1222 samples (113 normal and 1109 tumor samples) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we used the ESTIMATE algorithm to calculate the ImmuneScore and StromalScore and then identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the high and low ImmuneScore groups and the high and low StromalScore groups. Thereafter, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and univariate Cox regression analyses of overall survival were used to identify potential key genes. Five candidate genes were identified, comprising CD2, CCL19, CD52, CD3E, and ITK. Thereafter, we focused on CD2, analyzing CD2 expression and its association with survival. CD2 expression was associated with tumor size (T stage) to some extent, but not with overall TNM stage, lymph node status (N stage), or distant metastasis (M stage). High CD2 expression was associated with longer survival. METABRIC data were used to validate the survival result (n = 276). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that were significantly associated with high CD2 expression were mainly immune-related pathways. Furthermore, CD2 expression was correlated with 16 types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs). Hence, CD2 might be a novel biomarker in terms of molecular typing, and it may serve as a complementary approach to TNM staging to improve clinical outcome prediction for BCa patients.
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