ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ucenprubart is an agonistic antibody to CD200R with the potential to treat inflammatory skin disease: preclinical development and a phase 1 clinical study.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- CLEC2B-KLRB1 axis acts as an immune checkpoint, governing the exhaustion of CD8Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Immune context governs stage-specific responses to depleting anti-PD-1 antibody in type 1 diabetes.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Recombinant adenoviruses application for cancer vaccines: from genetic design to clinical translation.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Harnessing tumor immune checkpoints for autoimmune disease therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TIGITFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A selective RPL15 PROTAC degrader enhances anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in a murine melanoma tumor model.Oncogene · 2025Article
- Multifaceted functions of tissue-resident memory T cells in tumorigenesis and cancer immunotherapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Review
- Immune inhibitory receptor agonist therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Role of Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer Treatment: Current Strategies, Future Directions, and Insights into Metastasis and Immune Microenvironment.Current gene therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Head and neck cancer: pathogenesis and targeted therapy.MedComm · 2024Review
- Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis and immune checkpoint molecules.Clinical rheumatology · 2024Article
- Potential predictive biomarkers in antitumor immunotherapy: navigating the future of antitumor treatment and immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Immunological Processes in the Orbit and Indications for Current and Potential Drug Targets.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Evaluation of isolated probiotics on the efficacy of immune system in male and female Wistar rats.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
- Development and validation of a novel necroptosis-related gene signature for predicting prognosis and therapeutic response in Ewing sarcoma.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Systematic analysis of the prognosis and immune infiltration of E2Fs in thyroid carcinoma.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- Antibody-mediated depletion of programmed death 1-positive (PD-1Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2022Article
- Activation Markers on B and T Cells and Immune Checkpoints in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes, are the outcomes of a failure of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is sustained through interplays between two inter-dependent clusters of immune activities: immune stimulation and immune regulation. The mechanisms of immune regulation are exploited as therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. One of these mechanisms is immune checkpoints (ICPs). The roles of ICPs in maintaining immune tolerance and hence suppressing autoimmunity were revealed in animal models and validated by the clinical successes of ICP-targeted therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. Recently, these roles were highlighted by the clinical discovery that the blockade of ICPs causes autoimmune disorders. Given the crucial roles of ICPs in immune tolerance, it is plausible to leverage ICPs as a group of therapeutic targets to restore immune tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, we first summarize working mechanisms of ICPs, particularly those that have been utilized for therapeutic development. Then, we recount the agents and approaches that were developed to target ICPs and treat autoimmune disorders. These agents take forms of fusion proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and cells. We also review and discuss safety information for these therapeutics. We wrap up this review by providing prospects for the development of ICP-targeting therapeutics. In summary, the ever-increasing studies and results of ICP-targeting of therapeutics underscore their tremendous potential to become a powerful class of medicine for autoimmune diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.