ReviewPhotodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy2021
SARS-CoV-2, hemoglobin and protoporphyrin IX: Interactions and perspectives.
Review in Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin fluorescence as an underrecognized prognostic marker of mortality in community-acquired pneumonia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Narrowband 635 nm Autofluorescence Peak in Albino Mouse Eyes Found With Multi-Modal Imaging Reveals the Presence of Protoporphyrin IX in the Choroid.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Photodynamic Action of Curcumin and Methylene Blue against Bacteria and SARS-CoV-2-A Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Long COVID as a Tauopathy: Of "Brain Fog" and "Fusogen Storms".International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins to Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Studied by SPR and DR LPG.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- SARS‑CoV‑2 and Seizure: An Insight Into the Pathophysiology.Anesthesiology and pain medicine · 2023Article
- Neuropeptides, New Ligands of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein, a Potential Link between Replication, Inflammation and Neurotransmission.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Can iron, zinc, copper and selenium status be a prognostic determinant in COVID-19 patients?Environmental toxicology and pharmacology · 2022Review
- Development of a multiomics model for identification of predictive biomarkers for COVID-19 severity: a retrospective cohort study.The Lancet. Digital health · 2022Article
- COVID-19, Cation Dysmetabolism, Sialic Acid, CD147, ACE2, Viroporins, Hepcidin and Ferroptosis: A Possible Unifying Hypothesis.F1000Research · 2022Review
- Evaluating immunohaematological profile among COVID-19 active infection and recovered patients in Ghana.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSARS-CoV-2 attacks hemoglobin through its structural protein ORF3a, dissociating the iron from the heme, as iron is necessary by cell machinery for virus replication. In this process protoporphyrin (PpIX) is released.
methodsThe decrease in the hemoglobin levels observed in patients with Covid-19 is frequently accompanied by an increase in PpIX levels. This evidence was confirmed by the quantification of PpIX by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PpIX emission is observed in its two characteristic bands at approximately 635 nm and 705 nm.
resultsThis paper searches to understand the role of heme and PpIX inside the cells. Perspectives on the use of PpIX fluorescence as a sensor to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the tissue, blood, urine, or feces to map the evolution and severity of the disease or to monitor the response of the Covid-19 treatment modalities were described.
conclusionFluorescence spectroscopy could be adopted as an excellent diagnostic technique for Covid-19, of low cost and high sensitivity. This method can potentially be used as a marker to monitor the response to the treatments. Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapies using the endogenous PpIX increased in the acute phase of the disease, could be employed for Covid-19 treatment.
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