ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2021
Association of Maternal Immune Activation during Pregnancy and Neurologic Outcomes in Offspring.
Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between maternal immune activation and brain structure and function in human offspring: a systematic review.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal autoimmune diseases during pregnancy and mortality up to young adulthood in offspring: a register-based cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Prioritizing chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity by integrating data from a new approach methods (NAMs) battery covering key cellular events in neurodevelopment.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- Maternal immune-mediated conditions and ADHD risk in offspring.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Maternal Immune Activation and Child Brain Development: A Longitudinal Population-Based Multimodal Neuroimaging Study.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Hemostatic Profile and Serum Levels of Interferon Gamma-Induced Protein 10 (IP-10) in Neonates Born to Mothers with COVID-19 During the Peripartum Period.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Pathogenesis of Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: Insights from Single-Cell Transcriptomics.Annual review of pathology · 2025Review
- The Importance of Including Maternal Immune Activation in Animal Models of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Proinflammatory immune cells disrupt angiogenesis and promote germinal matrix hemorrhage in prenatal human brain.Nature neuroscience · 2024Article
- Autism likelihood in infants born to mothers with asthma is associated with blood inflammatory gene biomarkers in pregnancy.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Maternal-fetal cytokine profiles in acute SARS-CoV-2 "breakthrough" infection after COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Assessing for prenatal risk factors associated with infant neurologic morbidity using a multivariate analysis.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Article
- Altered behavior, brain structure, and neurometabolites in a rat model of autism-specific maternal autoantibody exposure.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- Influence of Immune System Abnormalities Caused by Maternal Immune Activation in the Postnatal Period.Cells · 2023Review
- Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnancy: Implications for the Health of the Next Generation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Review
- Maternal Western-style diet reduces social engagement and increases idiosyncratic behavior in Japanese macaque offspring.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Article
- Prenatal Environment and Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate neurologic morbidity among offspring during their first year of life in association with prenatal maternal immune activation (MIA), using an inclusive definition. STUDY
designThis retrospective cohort study included singletons born in California between 2011 and 2017. MIA was defined by International Classification of Diseases diagnosis of infection, autoimmune disorder, allergy, asthma, atherosclerosis, or malignancy during pregnancy. Neurologic morbidity in infants was defined by International Classification of Diseases diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, seizures, abnormal neurologic examination, or abnormal neurologic imaging. Outcomes of delayed developmental milestones during the first year of life were also explored. Risk of neurologic morbidity in offspring was approximated for women with and without MIA using log link binary regression.
resultsDemographic characteristics among 3 004 166 mother-infant dyads with or without MIA were similar in both groups. Rate of preterm delivery in mothers with MIA (9.4%) was significantly higher than those without MIA (5.6%). Infants of mothers with MIA were more likely to experience neurologic morbidities across all gestational ages. Adjusted relative risk (95% CI) in the exposed infants was 2.0 (1.9-2.1) for abnormal neurologic examination; 1.6 (1.5-1.7) for seizures, and 1.6 (1.4-1.8) for periventricular leukomalacia.
conclusionsOur results demonstrate that MIA during pregnancy may be associated with considerably higher risk of neurologic morbidity in offspring.
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