ArticleHarm reduction journal2021
HIV incidence and associated risk factors in female spouses of men who inject drugs in Pakistan.
Article in Harm reduction journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Pooled it
- MASLIHAT Peer Intervention Impact on HIV Testing Among Female Sex Partners of Male Tajik Migrants in Moscow Who Inject Drugs.AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education · 2025Article
- Frequency of HIV Infection Among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan.Cureus · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of nurse-led multi-component intervention program (NLMIP) on improving antiretroviral therapy adherence, CDJournal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- Pakistan's HIV high-risk populations: Critical appraisal of failure to curtail spread beyond key populations.IJID regions · 2024Review
- Article
- Evaluating knowledge about HIV and discriminatory attitudes among Pakistani women of reproductive age using 2017-18 Demographic Health Survey data.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionFemale sexual partners of men who inject drugs (MWID) living with HIV are at risk of HIV transmission. HIV prevalence estimates among non-drug using female sex partners of MWID are scarce, with no studies documenting HIV incidence. We investigated HIV prevalence and incidence among female spouses of MWID registered at Nai Zindagi Trust (NZT), Pakistan, between 2012 and 2019.
methodsNZT registration and service provision data for female spouses who participated in HIV testing and counselling calculated HIV prevalence and incidence using the person years (PY) method. Cox proportional hazards models identified factors associated with incident infection.
resultsOverall HIV prevalence among female spouses of MWID was 8.5%. Among 3478 HIV-negative female spouses, 109 incident infections were observed, yielding an incidence rate of 1.5/100PY (95% CI 1.2-1.8). Independent predictors of incident infection were registration in Punjab province (AHR 1.73 95% CI 1.13-2.68, p = 0.012) and 1-5 years of education (AHR 1.89 95% CI 1.22-2.93, p = 0.004). Knowledge of HIV at registration was protective against infection (AHR 0.51, 95% CI 0.26-0.99, p = 0.047), along with a MWID spouse who had initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) (AHR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16-0.38, p < 0.001), while incident infection was inversely associated with number of children (≥ 5 children AHR 0.44 95% CI 0.22-0.88, p = 0.022).
conclusionsAdditional efforts are needed to reduce HIV transmission among female spouses of MWID, including targeted provision of HIV education and access to HIV screening. Interventions that target MWID are also required, including evidence-based drug treatment and access to ART, including support to maximize adherence. Finally, consideration should be given to making HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis available to female spouses at high risk of HIV transmission, particularly young women and those whose husbands are not receiving, or have difficulty adhering to, ART.
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