ReviewInternational journal of pharmaceutics2021
Nasal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: Synergistic or alternative to intramuscular vaccines?
Review in International journal of pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of the intranasal spray SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dNS1-RBD: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Trial
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 response in alveolar blood sample and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Intranasal immunization with live-attenuated RSV-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicits antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immunity and protects against viral challenge and natural infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Personalized Vaginal Drug Delivery through 3D Printing: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Tanshinone I Enhances the Pulmonary Immune Response of CD8Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Article
- Intranasal replicon SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective respiratory and systemic immunity and prevents viral transmission.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Nasal vaccines for respiratory infections.Nature · 2025Review
- Intranasal spike and nucleoprotein fusion protein-based vaccine provides cross-protection and reduced transmission against SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Glycosylated Receptor-Binding-Domain-Targeting Mucosal Vaccines Protect Against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and MERS-CoV.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Mixed lipopeptide-based mucosal vaccine candidate induces cross-variant immunity and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Article
- Preliminary Study on Type I Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Intranasal delivery of a subunit protein vaccine provides protective immunity against JN.1 and XBB-lineage variants.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Article
- Nanoemulsions and nanocapsules as carriers for the development of intranasal mRNA vaccines.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Article
- Article
- COVID-19 vaccines: current and future challenges.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It is striking that all marketed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed for intramuscular administration designed to produce humoral and cell mediated immune responses, preventing viremia and the COVID-19 syndrome. They have a high degree of efficacy in humans (70-95%) depending on the type of vaccine. However, little protection is provided against viral replication and shedding in the upper airways due to the lack of a local sIgA immune response, indicating a risk of transmission of virus from vaccinated individuals. A range of novel nasal COVID-19 vaccines are in development and preclinical results in non-human primates have shown a promising prevention of replication and shedding of virus due to the induction of mucosal immune response (sIgA) in upper and lower respiratory tracts as well as robust systemic and humoral immune responses. Whether these results will translate to humans remains to be clarified. An IM prime followed by an IN booster vaccination would likely result in a better well-rounded immune response, including prevention (or strong reduction) in viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.