ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Toll9 from
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Crosstalk BetweenInsects · 2026Article
- Insect immunity unveiled: exploring the molecular and cellular defenses against microbial threats.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Recent insights in the development and functions of insect hemocytes.Current opinion in insect science · 2026Review
- The insect Toll pathway activates antibacterial immunity against the citrus Huanglongbing pathogen.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Streptococcus pneumoniae upregulates Toll2, Toll9, and defensin genes in Bombyx larvae infection model.PloS one · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Activation ofInsects · 2025Article
- Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Leafcutter Bee Megachile rotundata Reveals Its Ecological Adaptation and Pollination Biology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- DsRNA as pathogen-associated molecular pattern in innate immunity and multiple functions of the RNAi machinery complicate the use of RNAi in pest control.Frontiers in insect science · 2025Review
- Similarly toInsects · 2024Article
- A myeloid differentiation-like protein in partnership with Toll5 from the pest insectProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Article
- Identification of immunity-related genes distinctly regulated by Manduca sexta Spӓtzle-1/2 and Escherichia coli peptidoglycan.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Recognition of Arboviruses by the Mosquito Immune System.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Mechanisms and roles of the first stage of nodule formation in lepidopteran insects.Journal of insect science (Online) · 2023Article
- Identification and Expression Analysis of Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins Genes in Rice.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Innate Immune Response ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Characterization and Functional Analysis of Toll Receptor Genes during Antibacterial Immunity in the Green Peach AphidInsects · 2023Article
- Elucidating the role of dsRNA sensing and Toll6 in antiviral responses ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of the innate immune system in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while mammalian TLRs directly recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, the insect Toll pathway is thought to be primarily activated by binding Spätzle cytokines that are processed from inactive precursors in response to microbial infection. Phylogenetic and structural data generated in this study supported earlier results showing that Toll9 members differ from other insect Tolls by clustering with the mammalian TLR4 group, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through interaction with myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2)-like proteins. Functional experiments showed that BmToll9 from the silkmoth
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.